Original West Africans Of Ancient Greece!!! The Black (First) Europeans III

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Genetic Linkages Between West Africa and Ancient Greece:

HLA genes allele distribution has been studied in Mediterranean and sub-Saharan populations. Their relatedness has been tested by genetic distances, neighbour-joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses.

The population genetic relationships have been compared with the history of the classical populations living in the area. A revision of the historic postulates would have to be undertaken, particularly in the cases when genetics and history are overtly discordant. HLA genomics shows that: 1) Greeks share an important part of their genetic pool with sub-Saharan Africans (Ethiopians and west Africans) also supported by Chr 7 Markers.

The gene flow from Black Africa to Greece may have occurred in Pharaonic times or when Saharan people emigrated after the present hyperarid conditions were established (5000 years B.C.).

2) Turks (Anatolians) do not significantly differ from other Mediterraneans, indicating that while the Asians Turks carried out an invasion with cultural significance (language), it is not genetically detectable.

3) Kurds and Armenians are genetically very close to Turks and other Middle East populations.

4) There is no HLA genetic trace of the so called Aryan invasion, which has only been defined on doubtful linguistic bases.

5) Iberians, including Basques, are related to north-African Berbers.

6) Present-day Algerian and Moroccan urban and country people show an indistinguishable Berber HLA profile.

Authors:

Arnaiz-Villena A, Gomez-Casado E, Martinez-Laso J.

Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.

Tissue Antigens. 2002 Aug;60(2):111-21.

PMID: 12392505 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Article: Population genetic relationships between Mediterranean populations determined by HLA allele distribution and a historic perspective.


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146 thoughts on “Original West Africans Of Ancient Greece!!! The Black (First) Europeans III”

  1. Good job Dave! Good job, pin that fool in a corner and make sure he never speaks again. The guy also tried making false accusations of Arabs being originally black, Celts being originall black, Romans having blackhood, etc. Its very stupid, and in fact he even offered me a link to a black-myth theory related to the Chinese after I joked about it. It turns out my joke was true, that there are in fact a bunch of afrocentrics who think theyve influenced the Chinese dynasties. Its pathetic, really pathetic.

  2. Devile Dave replied:

    Stop living in a delusional bubble of misconceptions and lies. HBS haplogroup 19 is not found in any Greeks,

    Scientisits Answer with citations:

    It has been conclusively demonstrated that HbS in Greece is mostly haplotype #19 (the one that originated in Benin, Nigeria West Africa). See, Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas P.; The origin of the sickle mutation in Greece; evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Unit for Prenatal Diagnosis, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.

    Jahdey responds: Devile, can you cite one genetic paper that disproves the above citations? If you cannot then you have been thrashed like the pink thrash you are, and will always be.

    Jahdey

  3. Muha-madder whines: he even offered me a link to a black-myth theory related to the Chinese after I joked about it. It turns out my joke was true

    Jahdey responds: We don’t joke on Rastalivewire Muha-madder Islamo-Facist. This is real history which your white caucasian masters themselves agree with.

    Go figure. But keep reading, soon your ancient Jecanite jealousy of Black Arabs will finally explode into fatal apoplexy.

    Jahdey

  4. Mohammad, people like Jahdey want to turn every single civilization both ancient and modern into some “African black” myth for some reason. I guess stealing other peoples identity and history gives them some kind of ‘belonging’, who knows. Its quite pathetic if you ask me. They only like to spread lies and misinformation to further their own agendas. They give no historical or scientific evidence to back up their baseless ideologies and what they do provide is useless distorted views. Case in point is Jahdey trying to claim that HBs haplogroup #19 is found in Greece because of his mythical “Greeks are of black African origins” fallacy. What he doesn’t point out or maybe he doesn’t know is the HBs haplogroup #19 is found in less then 1% of Greeks and the blood groups of Greeks who have the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait in Greece and most other Mediterranean regions have virtually no Haplogroups that are ‘a typical’ with that of black African Hg markers. Sickle cell anemia is not a black disease, nor did it originate in West Africa. The gene responsible for sickle cell provides protection against malaria, so it’s present wherever we find malaria—Mediterranean countries, Southern Asia, Latin America, West Africa, and the Middle East. We only think of it as a black disease because the slaves who worked the cotton fields of America came from West Africa. If they’d come from Yemen or Japan, then we’d have seen it as a Yemeni or Japanese disease. Sickle cell is the result of malaria, not a genetic racial link to Africa as some falsely believe. Malaria has been around longer than humans have and has always acted on human populations. Therefore, since our beginning, malaria has been ‘selecting for’ the sickle cell gene, reproduce and pass on the sickle cell gene to sickle cell carriers. This explains why, despite our racial assumptions about sickle cell, the disease is for example rare in South Africa but prevalent in the Mediterranean, Southern Asia, Latin America and the Middle East.. Sickle cell does not follow some phantom ancient ‘genetic black African’ origin. Sickle cell follows MALARIA and at one point those areas mentioned were hot beds of sub tropical malaria infested regions. In areas that are now or once were hot and humid – ideal breeding grounds for malaria carrying mosquitoes), sickle cell is prevalent. As for that study conducted by Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas P, he neglects to mention and leaves out the fact that they state very clearly and I quote: “Comparison of the above results with similar surveys in other parts of the world and consideration of various historical events suggest that the beta S mutation was introduced into Greece OVER THE LAST FEW CENTURIES by the Saracen raids and/or by settlements of North African slaves brought in by the Arabs, Franks, Venetians, or Ottoman Turks, who have occupied the country over the last few centuries.” – PMID: 1687685 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]. They actually debunks his claim that “Greeks were/are originally blacks” theory given this states clearly the Hemoglobin Haplotype 19 virus is a recent introduction into the country not ancient. “Black African Arabs, Celts, Romans and Chinese”?!?!?! OMG, just when I think I’ve heard all the craziness there is to hear. LoL! Anyone with an education knows that not one of those group of people are of African black origins. How sad that such people distort the truth and try to steal other peoples identity and history.

  5. Feb 19 6:33 pm Dave crows:

    For one the Y Haplogroups found in Greeks are that of Caucasian genes, not of Sub-Saharan black Africans, as you so falsely stated:

    Feb 19th 6:45 pm Dave continues:

    Finally the mere fact that you are trying to attribute such a heterogeneity disease as sickle cell as “ones place of ancestral origins” is astonishing. Sickle cell is contributed to malaria not some phantom African ancestry link as you so falsely stated.

    Dave continues on Feb 20th 7:45 am:

    …..What he doesn’t point out or maybe he doesn’t know is the HBs haplogroup #19 is found in less then 1% of Greeks and the blood groups of Greeks who have the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait in Greece and most other Mediterranean regions have virtually no Haplogroups that are ‘a typical’ with that of black African Hg markers. Sickle cell anemia is not a black disease, nor did it originate in West Africa.

    Dave continues Feb 20th 7:45 am:

    …historical events suggest that the beta S mutation was introduced into Greece OVER THE LAST FEW CENTURIES by the Saracen raids and/or by settlements of North African slaves brought in by the Arabs, Franks, Venetians, or Ottoman Turks, who have occupied the country over the last few centuries.” –

    Jahdey Speaks:

    I understand your confusion Dave. You will see how in the last two days you have shifted your goal post from your loud crows that Greeks are not mixed with west African blood line to qualifying that “only 1 percent of Greeks have it anyway…”

    Your latest goal post shift is now that “well the only African blood line in Greece came when African slaves were brought into Greece in the last 500 years…”

    Your inconsistency is a comedy of errors.

    Point me to any textual authority, any history book in the western world, that tells you that hundreds of thousands of Black African slaves were brought to Greece anywhere in the last 500 years.

    If you cannot do this then you are an ignorant half baked wanna be intellectual. As such you should bow and kiss my feet.

    If you can produce one peer reviewed paper or history text book that makes such a claim, then I will kiss your feet.

    There will not be any such text available because no such event took place.

    Therefore using proper interpretative faculty one may accept Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, genetic analysis because that is their specialization.

    But when it comes to their intrepretation of historical accounts, you must be more discerning.

    Since there the only Mediterranean sea slave trade in the last 500 years involved Jecanite Arabs (Muha-madder’s people) and Greek and Serbian women, to imply the “negro slave theory” to explain clear evidence of Black Africa’s genetic footprints in Greece is not only patent falsehood, it is racist. It is cultural appropriation, it is robbery!

    According to Dr. Graham Sergeant, Sickle cell Genes originated in Africa and from there it migrated into the Greek Islands.

    Ancient Egyptians also had the Haplotype 19 Hbs gene mutation from Nigeria West Africa. The Greeks (Herodotus, History) narrated to us that they began as an Egyptian colony.

    Prof. Snowden wrote two magun opus on the African presence in ancient Greece and Rome. You need to go read it. As well as Prof. Martin Bernal’s Black Athena, as well as David MacRitichie’s work on Ancient and Modern Britons.

    Scientists Reiterate:

    The Benin haplotype (which originates from Nigeria, West Africa) accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily Northern Greece, Southern Turkey, and South West Saudi Arabia, suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa. The Asian haplotype is rarely encountered outside its geographic origin because there have been few large population movements and Indian emigrants have been predominantly from non HbS containing populations. Per:Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities For Understanding Its DiversityRSITY: http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/143/rev9239.html

    Read and expand your mind.

    Jahdey

  6. Jahdey misinformation 1:
    “I understand your confusion Dave. You will see how in the last two days you have shifted your goal post from your loud crows that Greeks are not mixed with west African blood line to qualifying that “only 1 percent of Greeks have it anyway…” ”

    Davids correction 1:
    The one who is confused here, Jahdey, is you. For one go back and read again what I wrote: no where did I state that Greeks have “1% West African blood”. Once again, you are putting your own thoughts into what other peoples are saying. I said:

    “What he doesn’t point out or maybe he doesn’t know is the HBs haplogroup #19 is found in less then 1% of Greeks and the blood groups of Greeks who have the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait in Greece and most other Mediterranean regions have virtually no Haplogroups that are ‘a typical’ with that of black African Hg markers.”

    Let me put it in simpler terms: sickle cell disorder is not an African origin disease as you so falsely stated. In Greece the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait is found in NORTHERN Greeks who VIRTUALLY HAVE NO HAPLOGROUPS THAT ARE A TYPICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN BLACK AFRICANS. In other words the Greeks who have the disorder genetically show no connection to West nor East Black Africans.

    Jahdey misinformation 2:
    “Your latest goal post shift is now that “well the only African blood line in Greece came when African slaves were brought into Greece in the last 500 years…””
    Your inconsistency is a comedy of errors.”

    Davids correction 2:
    Nope, wrong again you are again, Jahdey, that is not my theory, that is what the study that YOU provided theorizes. If anyone has been posting inconsistencies and errors around here, its you, as shown by the fact that the study YOU provided disproves your “Greeks were/are originally blacks” bunch of crock.

    Jahdey misinformation 3:
    “Point me to any textual authority, any history book in the western world, that tells you that hundreds of thousands of Black African slaves were brought to Greece anywhere in the last 500 years.”

    Davids correction 3:
    There is no evidence of ANY large scale of black Africans being in the Greek region to change the genetic phenotypes of the Greek population which is why your ridiculous theory that Greeks are black Africans is beyond belief. Greeks since ancient times have described how different they were from black Africans of whom the Greeks description of black Africans was ‘burned/black faces’. They never described themselves as such nor did they depict themselves in any such way in their art.

    Jahdey misinformation 4:
    “Therefore using proper interpretative faculty one may accept Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, genetic analysis because that is their specialization.”

    Davids correction 4:
    Unfortunately for you, Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, genetic analysis clearly contradict your claim that Greeks are ‘black Africans’: “the beta S mutation was introduced into Greece OVER THE LAST FEW CENTURIES by the Saracen raids and/or by settlements of North African slaves brought in by the Arabs, Franks, Venetians, or Ottoman Turks, who have occupied the country over the last few centuries.” – PMID: 1687685 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]. They actually debunks your fallacy claim that “Greeks since ancient times were/are originally blacks”, instead they theories its a recent introduction into a small % of Greeks. What they can’t figure out is why the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait is found in Greeks who VIRTUALLY HAVE NO HAPLOGROUPS THAT ARE A TYPICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN BLACK AFRICANS. The answer for knuckle heads out there has already been given by many scientists regarding: sickle cell is not an African origins decease, its origins is MALARIA.

    Jahdey misinformation 5:
    “Since there the only Mediterranean sea slave trade in the last 500 years involved Jecanite Arabs (Muha-madder’s people) and Greek and Serbian women, to imply the “negro slave theory” to explain clear evidence of Black Africa’s genetic footprints in Greece is not only patent falsehood, it is racist. It is cultural appropriation, it is robbery!”

    Davids correction 5:
    That is what the study that YOU PROVIDED clearly states, a recent migration through slave trades and only to a small % of the population. What you seem to miss is that their theory and your false belief are both contradicted by the fact that the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait is found in Greeks who VIRTUALLY HAVE NO HAPLOGROUPS THAT ARE A TYPICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN BLACK AFRICANS. Meaning sickle cell is not the cause of some phantom ‘black african genetic footprint’ because the individuals who have it have ZERO black african genes.

    Jahdey misinformation 6:
    “According to Dr. Graham Sergeant, Sickle cell Genes originated in Africa and from there it migrated into the Greek Islands.”

    Davids correction 6:
    According to Dr. Graham Sergeant who never states that sickle cell ‘originated in Africa and migrated to the Greek Island’ from there, clearly says sickle cell is a recent occurrence that has occurred independently in several different populations. He very clearly says that its MALARIA, not some phantom “black African” gene, for the origins of sickle cell:

    ” The most likely interpretation is that the sickle cell mutation is a relatively recent occurrence that has occurred independently in several different populations. Falciparum malaria then acted as a selective factor, increasing the prevalence of the gene because people inheriting the sickle cell gene from one parent and a gene for normal adult hemoglobin from the other parent (sickle cell trait) were less likely to die from malaria and so more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. THE FACTOR IN COMMON TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL GENE IS THEREFORE MALARIA AND NOT AFRICAN ANCESTRY. SC disease is confined to populations of West African ancestry. Sickle cell-βο thalassemia occurs in all populations and accounts for nearly half the sickle cell disease.” – Per:Graham R. Serjeant. MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities for understanding its diversity

    Jahdey misinformation 7:
    “The Greeks (Herodotus, History) narrated to us that they began as an Egyptian colony.

    Davids correction 7:
    More misinformation, Herodotus definitely never states the Greeks were Egyptian. Herodotus and every other ancient sources, including the Egyptians themselves, very clearly state the differences between black Africans, Egyptians, Romans and Greeks.

    Jahdey misinformation 8:
    “Prof. Snowden wrote two magun opus on the African presence in ancient Greece and Rome. You need to go read it. As well as Prof. Martin Bernal’s Black Athena, as well as David MacRitichie’s work on Ancient and Modern Britons.”

    Davids correction 8:
    Three individuals with zero credibility on academic knowledge of ancient civilizations like Greece and Rome:

    Afrocentric like Snowden is the reason such misconceptions about the worlds ancient civilizations exist today. Their fallacies are being fed to ignorant individuals around the world.

    Bernal is hardly an authority on ancient Greece given he is not even a scholar on the subject matter. Most of his theories are not based on actual historical and scientific evidence, just fictional theories that have been proven to be wrong by many Classical scholars around the world.

    David MacRitchie, the Scottish FOLKLORIST, once again hardly a relable source on ancient civilizations…but then again fictional folklore seems to be the bases of most Afrocentic ideology so it doesn’t surprise me that someone who believes in such fallacies would pick a fictional folklorist as their source.

    “Scientists Reiterate”

    “The most likely interpretation is that the sickle cell mutation is a relatively recent occurrence that has occurred independently in several different populations. Falciparum malaria then acted as a selective factor, increasing the prevalence of the gene because people inheriting the sickle cell gene from one parent and a gene for normal adult hemoglobin from the other parent (sickle cell trait) were less likely to die from malaria and so more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. THE FACTOR IN COMMON TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL GENE IS THEREFORE MALARIA AND NOT AFRICAN ANCESTRY.

    Greece: The relative prevalences of the different genotypes of sickle cell disease in Greece DIFFER from that in West African populations because of high frequency and variety of β thalassemia genes.

    The higher hemoglobin and lower reticulocyte counts are consistent with less hemolysis, but Greek subjects have NEITHER OF THE GENETIC FACTORS RECOGNIZED factors recognized to ameliorate hemolysis IN PATIENTS OF AFRICAN ORIGINS , alpha thalassemia or high levels of HbF. Clinically, Greek SS subjects show persistence of splenomegaly, more normal body build, and less leg ulceration and priapism.” – Per:Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities For Understanding Its DiversityRSITY

    http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/143/rev9239.html

  7. Dave whines on February 19, 2006 at 10:28 pm see above

    There is no black African genetic link found between you black Africans and white Greeks either in modern times or ancient.

    Stop living in a delusional bubble of misconceptions and lies. HBS haplogroup 19 is not found in any Greeks,

    Scientisits Answer with citations:

    It has been conclusively demonstrated that HbS in Greece is mostly haplotype #19 (the one that originated in Benin, Nigeria West Africa). See, Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas P.; The origin of the sickle mutation in Greece; evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Unit for Prenatal Diagnosis, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.

    Dave recants upon being confronted with scientific evidence but continues to fib:

    Jahdey trying to claim that HBs haplogroup #19 is found in Greece because of his mythical “Greeks are of black African origins” fallacy. What he doesn’t point out or maybe he doesn’t know is the HBs haplogroup #19 is found in less then 1% of Greeks

    (This is from a guy who did not know as of February 19, 2006 10:28 pm that Greeks carry Haplotype 19 from Nigeria West Africa…this is pitiful)

    Dave continues to rant:

    Sickle cell anemia is not a black disease, nor did it originate in West Africa.

    Scientists respond:

    The origin of the mutation that led to the sickle cell gene was initially thought to be in the Arabian peninsula, spreading to Asia and Africa. It is now known, from evaluation of chromosome structures, that there have been at least four independent mutational events, three in Africa and a fourth in either Saudi Arabia or central India. See
    Desai, D. V.; Hiren Dhanani (2004). “Sickle Cell Disease: History And Origin”. The Internet Journal of Haematology 1 (2). ISSN 1540-2649.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease

    Dave resorts to outright lies now:

    The higher hemoglobin and lower reticulocyte counts are consistent with less hemolysis, but Greek subjects have NEITHER OF THE GENETIC FACTORS RECOGNIZED factors recognized to ameliorate hemolysis IN PATIENTS OF AFRICAN ORIGINS , alpha thalassemia or high levels of HbF. Clinically, Greek SS subjects show persistence of splenomegaly, more normal body build, and less leg ulceration and priapism.” – Per:Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities For Understanding Its DiversityRSITY

    Jahdey responds:

    Graham never said this no where in his article. Please post the entire paper by Graham and higlight the section where this statement is contained in the article. Thank you.

    Dave lies outrightly again, signal of academic befuddlement:

    According to Dr. Graham Sergeant who never states that sickle cell ‘originated in Africa and migrated to the Greek Island’ from there, clearly says sickle cell is a recent occurrence that has occurred independently in several different populations.

    Dr Graham speaks (he is from Jamaica so he knows sickle cell…):

    According to Dr. Graham Segearnt:

    “The Senegal haplotype occurs on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, the Benin haplotype in central West Africa, especially Ghana, Nigeria, and Côte d’Ivoire, and the Bantu or Central African Republic haplotype in Zaire, the Central African Republic, Angola and Kenya…”

    “From these original foci of the HbS mutation, the gene spread along trading routes to North Africa and the Mediterranean, was transported in large populations to North and South America and the Caribbean”

    “The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily, Northern Greece, Southern Turkey … suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa.

    Dr Graham’s article is posted at the end of this reply. Please read.

    See also for more reading:

    Ragusa A, Lombardo M, Sortino G, et al. ßs gene in Sicily is in linkage disequilibrium with the Benin haplotype (which can be also termed as Nigerian haplotype because Benin is a region in Nigeria): implications for gene flow. Am J Hematol 1988;27:139-41.

    Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas Ph. The origin of the sickle cell mutation in Greece: evidence from Hbs globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Hemoglobins 1991;15:459-67.

    Jahdey Speaks:

    Just 24 hours ago you had absolutely no clue of the nature or the origin of Haplotype 19 HBS, for you declared with such grandstanding that Greeks had no Haplotype 19. Today you are an expert. That is how quacks are unmasked.

    You did not even know Haplotype 19 existed in Greeks yesterday. After having educated you, you are now pontificating on an issue you have had only 48 hours familiarity. Pathetic.

    Is this just to score argument points, or manifestation of a pathological phobia for all things West African? The most piognant aspect of your rambling is that you are neither Greek nor African, neither a scholar nor a geneticist…yet you posture for posterity to puzzle over you complete vacuity.

    Now read Dr G. Segearnt’s work in his own words:

    THE GEOGRAPHY OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE:
    OPPORTUNITIES FOR UNDERSTANDING ITS DIVERSITY

    Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP

    The sickle cell gene is now known to be widespread, reaching its highest incidence in equatorial Africa, but occurring also in parts of Sicily and Southern Italy, Northern Greece, Southern Turkey, the Middle East, Saudi Arabia, especially the Eastern Province, and much of Central India (Figure 1). This distribution is determined by the occurrence of the sickle cell mutation and its selection by falciparum malaria.

    Studies of the structure of DNA surrounding the beta globin locus reveal that the sickle cell gene is associated with several DNA structures probably representing different ancestral populations. The most likely interpretation is that the sickle cell mutation is a relatively recent occurrence that has occurred independently in several different populations. Falciparum malaria then acted as a selective factor, increasing the prevalence of the gene because people inheriting the sickle cell gene from one parent and a gene for normal adult hemoglobin from the other parent (sickle cell trait) were less likely to die from malaria and so more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. The factor in common to the distribution of the sickle cell gene is therefore malaria and not African ancestry.

    The different DNA structures associated with the sickle cell gene are identified by a pattern of restriction enzyme sites, the so-called  globin haplotypes,1-3 which are assumed to represent independent occurrences of the sickle cell mutation and are named after the places where first described (Figure 2).

    The Senegal haplotype occurs on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, the Benin haplotype in central West Africa, especially Ghana, Nigeria, and Côte d’Ivoire, and the Bantu or Central African Republic haplotype in Zaire, the Central African Republic, Angola and Kenya.5 The HbS gene in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia6,7 and in Central India8 is associated with a different DNA structure not encountered in Africa and so almost certainly a fourth independent occurrence of the sickle cell mutation. It is currently uncertain whether the mutation arose in Arabia and spread to India or vice versa or possibly two independent occurrences in peoples of similar ancestral DNA structures. This fourth pattern is generally called the Asian haplotype.

    From these original foci of the HbS mutation, the gene spread along trading routes to North Africa and the Mediterranean, was transported in large populations to North and South America and the Caribbean during the slave trade, and latterly has spread to Northern Europe by immigration from the Caribbean, directly from Africa to the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and Holland, and from Turkey to Germany. The relative prevalence of these haplotypes in the Americas reflects the different origins of their African peoples, approximately 70% of HbS associated chromosomes having the Benin haplotype, 10% Senegal and 10% Bantu. Haplotype frequencies in Jamaica are similar to the USA but the Bantu haplotype accounts for the majority of HbS associated chromosomes in Brazil.9

    The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily,4 Northern Greece,10 Southern Turkey,11 and South West Saudi Arabia,6,7 suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa. The Asian haplotype is rarely encountered outside its geographic origin because there have been few large population movements and Indian emigrants have been predominantly from non HbS containing populations. However, it is of interest that the Asian haplotype was first described among descendants of Indian indentured laborers in Jamaica.12 The disease now occurs against diverse genetic and environmental backgrounds, which provide experimental models for investigating the mechanisms of the clinical and hematological variability of the disease.

    ………………………………………………………………………

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