Genetic Linkages Between West Africa and Ancient Greece:
HLA genes allele distribution has been studied in Mediterranean and sub-Saharan populations. Their relatedness has been tested by genetic distances, neighbour-joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses.
The population genetic relationships have been compared with the history of the classical populations living in the area. A revision of the historic postulates would have to be undertaken, particularly in the cases when genetics and history are overtly discordant. HLA genomics shows that: 1) Greeks share an important part of their genetic pool with sub-Saharan Africans (Ethiopians and west Africans) also supported by Chr 7 Markers.
The gene flow from Black Africa to Greece may have occurred in Pharaonic times or when Saharan people emigrated after the present hyperarid conditions were established (5000 years B.C.).
2) Turks (Anatolians) do not significantly differ from other Mediterraneans, indicating that while the Asians Turks carried out an invasion with cultural significance (language), it is not genetically detectable.
3) Kurds and Armenians are genetically very close to Turks and other Middle East populations.
4) There is no HLA genetic trace of the so called Aryan invasion, which has only been defined on doubtful linguistic bases.
5) Iberians, including Basques, are related to north-African Berbers.
6) Present-day Algerian and Moroccan urban and country people show an indistinguishable Berber HLA profile.
Authors:
Arnaiz-Villena A, Gomez-Casado E, Martinez-Laso J.
Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
Tissue Antigens. 2002 Aug;60(2):111-21.
PMID: 12392505 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
More distorted material from Jahdey:
“It has been conclusively demonstrated that HbS in Greece is mostly haplotype #19 (the one that originated in Benin, Nigeria West Africa). See, Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas P.; The origin of the sickle mutation in Greece; evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Unit for Prenatal Diagnosis, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.”
David provides correct information once again:
“the beta S mutation was introduced into Greece OVER THE LAST FEW CENTURIES by the Saracen raids and/or by settlements of North African slaves brought in by the Arabs, Franks, Venetians, or Ottoman Turks, who have occupied the country over the last few centuries.” – PMID: 1687685 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]- Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas P. They actually debunk your fallacy that “Greeks since ancient times were/are originally blacks”, instead they theorize of a recent introduction into a small % of Greeks. What they can’t figure out is why the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait is found in Greeks who VIRTUALLY HAVE NO HAPLOGROUPS THAT ARE A TYPICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN BLACK AFRICANS. The answer for knuckle heads out there has already been given by many scientists: sickle cell is not an African origins decease, its origins is MALARIA.
More fallacies from Jahdey when scientific evidence proves he is wrong:
“This is from a guy who did not know as of February 19, 2006 10:28 pm that Greeks carry Haplotype 19 from Nigeria West Africa…this is pitiful”
David provides once more correct information:
Greeks do not carry any Haplotype 19 from “Nigeria West Africa”. What is pitiful is you continuing to try to pass of lies as ‘facts’ when all scientific evidence, even the ones YOU provided discredit your views. My original reply to you was and still stands, the HBS haplogroup 19 found in black Africans is not a phantom black African genetic link that you are falsely claiming: “HBS haplogroup 19 is not found in any Greeks, in fact Greeks who carry the thalassaemia don’t carry any of the genetic Haplogroups found in black Africans, which blows your false theory of some phantom “black genetic African†origins of people with thalassaemia to bits.”
Scientists like Pilar N. Ossorio, Ph.D., J.D state “sickle cell is not a Black disease” backing up David’s claims that sickle cell origin is MALARIA not “black Africans” once again:
“One comment I often hear is, “well, if there is no genetic basis to race than why do Black people have sickle cell disease while people of other races do not?†Actually, people of any race can have sickle cell disease. Being of a particular race does not cause the disease; having certain versions (alleles) of the hemoglobin gene causes the disease. Sickle cell disease is what we call a recessive trait—to manifest the disease a person must inherit the sickle cell allele of the hemoglobin gene from both her/his mother and father; a person must have two copies of sickle-cell hemoglobin or she will not have the disease. A person with only one sickle cell allele is called a carrier, she/he does not have the disease but her/his child could have the disease if the other parent is also a carrier. Scientists believe that sickle cell alleles help people resist the parasite that causes malaria; if a person is a carrier she or he will not get as sick from malaria as a person who is not a carrier. Thus, where malaria was or is prevalent persons who are sickle-cell carriers are more likely to survive and have children. In regions of the world where there is or was lots of malaria, there will be more sickle-cell carriers. Parts of Africa have high rates of malaria, as do parts of the middle east, parts of Asia, and parts of South East Asia. Some parts of Africa—the south and the Northwest, have little or no malaria. Black people whose ancestors are from Southern Africa or Northwest Africa are no more likely to be sickle-cell carriers than are people from Northern Europe. In the US, our medical community and our popular culture has associated sickle cell with “black race†because many African Americans have ancestors who came from regions of Central Africa where malaria was prevalent. Historically, there have been more African Americans in the US than people from other parts of the world where sickle cell is common. However, in the Southwestern and Western US physicians are beginning to think of sickle cell disease as a “Latino disease†because many Latinos have ancestors from parts of the world where sickle cell is prevalent. So, sickle cell is NOT a Black disease, but until recently we have been more aware of the disease in African Americans. With respect to hemoglobin genes, African Americans are more likely to have a sickle-cell version than are American of most European ancestries. However, this does not mean that African Americans or more like each other when we look at other genes. There was a specific historical reason why people with ancestry in certain parts of Africa tend to have sickle-cell alleles; but malaria only had an effect on that one part of the human genome, not on all of it. In general, people of all races have similar genes, and are not more genetically like a person “of the same race†than they are to genetically like people from “a different race.†Effects such as that exerted by malaria generally have not influenced the ancestors of all Black people, only ancestors of a portion of that race. Likewise, other effects have caused genetic similarities in a portion of European-descended people. For instance, it seems that alleles causing the disease hemochromatosis are more common among Scandinavian people than among other people. This does not mean that all White people are genetically similar to each other and different from people of other races. It just means that for this one gene, a portion of White people’s ancestors may have experienced events that led to one genetic commonality among them. It is much more difficult to measure talents or capabilities. These are complex characteristics with complex causes and manifestations. For a few diseases, we can trace the cause largely to a single gene. For complex diseases and for characteristics such a musical and athletic ability we cannot trace the causes to single genes.”
Jahdey continues to leave out information to further his personal agenda:
“The origin of the mutation that led to the sickle cell gene was initially thought to be in the Arabian peninsula, spreading to Asia and Africa. It is now known, from evaluation of chromosome structures, that there have been at least four independent mutational events, three in Africa and a fourth in either Saudi Arabia or central India.” See Desai, D. V.; Hiren Dhanani (2004). “Sickle Cell Disease: History And Originâ€. The Internet Journal of Haematology 1 (2). ISSN 1540-2649.
David provides more of the study by Desai, D. V.; Hiren Dhanani (2004). “Sickle Cell Disease: History And Originâ€. The Internet Journal of Haematology 1 (2). ISSN 1540-2649 which backs up the claim sickle cell arose in separate geographic locations:
“The existence of haplotypes specific to certain regions of the world suggests that the mutant beta globin gene arose separately in these locations. 21 All of the areas in question have been or are now endemic locations of malarial infestation. This observation is consistent with the idea that the high incidence of sickle mutation in these areas is derived from natural selection. 22”
Jahdey own sources prove his wrong and yet he continues to resorts to outright lies:
“Graham never said this no where in his article. Please post the entire paper by Graham and higlight the section where this statement is contained in the article. Thank you.”
David responds by quoting the same Scientist Jahdey sourced in respond to Jahdey’s lies:
Oh yes Graham did state exactly what I wrote, if you read THE WHOLE RESEARCH PAPER you would have seen this. That paragraph is taken STRAIGHT from Graham’s research. If you read the whole thing you would have known he states exactly what I wrote. But then again you posted a link to the article that doesn’t even work to hide the fact that you are lying, so its no surprise by your reaction when confronted with the truth you would throw out more unfounded accusations. Your comment proves to me that you don’t read what you post and only post selective parts of articles that you falsely believe further your personal agenda. Found in page 7 under the section of the article titled: “Geographic Variation of Sickle Cell Disease” straight from Graham’s own work discrediting you once again:
“The higher hemoglobin and lower reticulocyte counts are consistent with less hemolysis, but Greek subjects have NEITHER OF THE GENETIC FACTORS RECOGNIZED factors recognized to ameliorate hemolysis IN PATIENTS OF AFRICAN ORIGINS , alpha thalassemia or high levels of HbF. Clinically, Greek SS subjects show persistence of splenomegaly, more normal body build, and less leg ulceration and priapism.” – Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease
Jahdey lies outrightly again:
“The Senegal haplotype occurs on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, the Benin haplotype in central West Africa, especially Ghana, Nigeria, and Côte d’Ivoire, and the Bantu or Central African Republic haplotype in Zaire, the Central African Republic, Angola and Kenya…â€
David provides the whole paragraph unlike Jahdey who only give distorted bits and pieces. By the way notice how Segearnt claims sickle cell disorder are named after the places first DESCRIBED, not places of origins. Goes back to what I said before: “Sickle cell anemia is not a black disease. The gene responsible for sickle cell provides protection against malaria, so it’s present wherever we find malaria—Mediterranean region, Southern Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East. We only think of it as a black disease because the slaves who worked the cotton fields of America came from West Africa. If they’d come from Yemen or Japan, then we’d have seen it as a Yemeni or Japanese disease.”
“The different DNA structures associated with the sickle cell gene are identified by a pattern of restriction enzyme sites, the so-called β globin haplotypes,1-3 which are assumed to represent independent occurrences of the sickle cell mutation and are named after the places where first described (Figure 2). [The section that Jahdey only provided BEGINS here]The Senegal haplotype occurs on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, the Benin haplotype in central West Africa, especially Ghana, Nigeria, and Côte d’Ivoire, and the Bantu or Central African Republic haplotype in Zaire, the Central African Republic, Angola and Kenya.5 [The section that Jahdey only provided ENDS here] The HbS gene in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia6,7 and in Central India8 is associated with a different DNA structure not encountered in Africa and so almost certainly a fourth independent occurrence of the sickle cell mutation. It is currently uncertain whether the mutation arose in Arabia and spread to India or vice versa or possibly two independent occurrences in peoples of similar ancestral DNA structures. This fourth pattern is generally called the Asian haplotype.”
More Jahdey distorted lies:
“From these original foci of the HbS mutation, the gene spread along trading routes to North Africa and the Mediterranean, was transported in large populations to North and South America and the Caribbean.
The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily, Northern Greece, Southern Turkey … suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa.”
David provides corrections again: If you actually read Segearnt article and not any old misinformation found on dubious online sites you would have known that he provides sources for Sicily, NORTHERN Greece(so what happended, it leeped frogged the rest of Greece? – nope goes back to what I said about Northern Greece & the rest of these regions being a breathing ground for malaria due to WWI, WWII, Civil War), Southern Turkey and South West Saudi Arabia. All the sources Segearnt uses for the countries mentioned claim recent introductions into small % of their populations based upon raids and/or by settlements and African slaves, not as Jahdey so falsely is claiming some phantom ‘ancient black african link’. Jahdey doesn’t even provide the correct sentence that includes the numeric sources for these countries found in the official study but I will:
“The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily,4 Northern Greece,10 Southern Turkey,11 and South West Saudi Arabia,6,7 suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa..”
Sicily,#4 = source Ragusa A, Lombardo M, Sortino G, et al. ßs gene in Sicily is in linkage disequilibrium with the Benin haplotype: Am J Hematol 1988;27:139-41. – implications for gene flow in recent times through North Africa.
Southern Turkey,#11 = source Aluoch JR, Kilinç Y, Aksoy M, et al. Sickle cell anaemia among Eti-Turks: haematological, clinical and genetic observations. Br J Haematol 1986;64:45-55.
South West Saudi Arabia,#6, = source El-Hazmi MAF. Beta globin gene haplotypes in the Saudi sickle cell anemia patients. Human Heredity 1990;40:177-86.
South West Saudi Arabia,#7, = source Padmos MA, Roberts GT, Sackey K, et al. Two different forms of homozygous sickle cell disease occur in Saudi Arabia. Br J Haematology 1991;79:93-8.
Northern Greece, #10 = source Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas Ph. The origin of the sickle cell mutation in Greece: evidence from βs globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Hemoglobins 1991;15:459-67. – well look at here, Segearnt is using as his source the same study that clearly states “Comparison of the above results with similar surveys in other parts of the world and consideration of various historical events suggest that the beta S mutation was introduced into Greece OVER THE LAST FEW CENTURIES by the Saracen raids and/or by settlements of North African slaves brought in by the Arabs, Franks, Venetians, or Ottoman Turks, who have occupied the country over the last few centuries.” meaning his supports the their theory that sickle cell in certain Greeks is a recent introduction to the country through raids, settlements and slaves from North Africa, not ancient as Jahdey is so falsely claiming. They still can’t explain why the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait is found in NORTHERN Greeks who VIRTUALLY HAVE NO HAPLOGROUPS THAT ARE A TYPICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN BLACK AFRICANS. In other words the Greeks who have the disorder genetically show no connection to West nor East Black Africans. Which is WHY scientists like Segearnt states very clearly that sickle cell is due to MALARIA and not some phantom “African origins” fallacy:
“The most likely interpretation is that the sickle cell mutation is a relatively recent occurrence that has occurred independently in several different populations. Falciparum malaria then acted as a selective factor, increasing the prevalence of the gene because people inheriting the sickle cell gene from one parent and a gene for normal adult hemoglobin from the other parent (sickle cell trait) were less likely to die from malaria and so more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. THE FACTOR IN COMMON TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL GENE IS THEREFORE MALARIA AND NOT AFRICAN ANCESTRY. SC disease is confined to populations of West African ancestry. Sickle cell-βο thalassemia occurs in all populations and accounts for nearly half the sickle cell disease.” – Per:Graham R. Serjeant. MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities for understanding its diversity
Jahdey’s useless dribble & his distorted cut/paste work once again:
“Now read Dr G. Segearnt’s work in his own words:”
David’s response:
1) You did not provide Dr. G. Segearnt’s entire research paper which is TEN PAGES that includes graphs, sources as well as a lot more information that you deliberately left out because THAT information, as I have stated numerious times, discredits your ideology. I’ve never met anyone like you, who lies at will to hide the truth from everyone.
2) Your one to try and claim knowledge on any such material given you don’t even read the FULL articles that you keep cutting and pasting certain parts only, because if you did read THE WHOLE ARTICLES and not selected few you would have seen how ridiculous it is to try and use they as your based for your argument given much they debunk your opinions and views.
Dave whines on February 19, 2006 at 10:28 pm see above
There is no black African genetic link found between you black Africans and white Greeks either in modern times or ancient.
Stop living in a delusional bubble of misconceptions and lies. HBS haplogroup 19 is not found in any Greeks,
February 20th, 2008 at 6:04 pm Dave eats his own vomit:
David provides corrections again:
If you actually read Segearnt article and not any old misinformation found on dubious online sites you would have known that he provides sources for Sicily, NORTHERN Greece(so what happended, it leeped frogged the rest of Greece? – …….
Jahdey doesn’t even provide the correct sentence that includes the numeric sources for these countries found in the official study but I will:
“The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily,4 Northern Greece,10 Southern Turkey,11 and South West Saudi Arabia,6,7 suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa..â€
Sicily,#4 = source Ragusa A, Lombardo M, Sortino G, et al. ßs gene in Sicily is in linkage disequilibrium with the Benin haplotype: Am J Hematol 1988;27:139-41. – implications for gene flow in recent times through North Africa.
Southern Turkey,#11 = source Aluoch JR, Kilinç Y, Aksoy M, et al. Sickle cell anaemia among Eti-Turks: haematological, clinical and genetic observations. Br J Haematol 1986;64:45-55.
Jahdey Speaks:
Smart boy, smart boy you are learning fast. Now your confusion is clarified. From the horse’s mouth a recantation of a lie is admitted shamefacedly. I quote your own words:
Jahdey doesn’t even provide the correct sentence that includes the numeric sources for these countries found in the official study but I will:
“The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily,4 Northern Greece,10 Southern Turkey,11 and South West Saudi Arabia,6,7 suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa..â€
Now you know. Case done!!!
Second issue, you now want to discuss the age of the introduction of the west African, Benin Nigeria originated HBS haplotype 19 into Norther Greece? Is my assumption correct? Nomore queries about blood relationship…just confusion on the age of that relationship? Please confirm.
Thanks
Jahdey
Jahdey continues to lie and distort the truth like all ignoramus when the facts contradict their fallacies.
Your theory of some supposed “black African genes” in Greeks have been proven to be wrong both in historical and scientific evidence. Face the facts.
“Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. THE FACTOR IN COMMON TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL GENE IS THEREFORE MALARIA AND NOT AFRICAN ANCESTRY.
The higher hemoglobin and lower reticulocyte counts are consistent with less hemolysis, but Greek subjects have NEITHER OF THE GENETIC FACTORS RECOGNIZED to ameliorate hemolysis IN PATIENTS OF AFRICAN ORIGINS , alpha thalassemia or high levels of HbF. Clinically, Greek SS subjects show persistence of splenomegaly, more normal body build, and less leg ulceration and priapism.” – Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease” – Per:Graham R. Serjeant. MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities for understanding its diversity
The study by Serjeant and Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, clearly contradict your dubious claims that Greeks are ‘Original West Africans Of Ancient Greece'(as you have falsely claimed many times) given they theorize its a recent migration found in a small % of the population. Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, falsely think of it as a “black disease” because the people who were first diagnosed with it came from West Africa. If they’d come from Siberia or Japan, then they’d have saying its a Siberian or Japanese disease. This is why Serjeant states in his study: “THE FACTOR IN COMMON TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL GENE IS THEREFORE MALARIA AND NOT AFRICAN ANCESTRY.” Because its not a ‘black African’ genetic marker.
Science contradicts both them and your false claim. Sickle cell disorder is not an African origin disease as you so falsely claim. In Greece the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait is found in NORTHERN Greeks who VIRTUALLY HAVE NO HAPLOGROUPS THAT ARE A TYPICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN BLACK AFRICANS. Period. The answer for this has been provided already by many scientists: sickle cell is not an African origins decease, its origins is MALARIA
Dave keeps lieing:
The higher hemoglobin and lower reticulocyte counts are consistent with less hemolysis, but Greek subjects have NEITHER OF THE GENETIC FACTORS RECOGNIZED to ameliorate hemolysis IN PATIENTS OF AFRICAN ORIGINS , alpha thalassemia or high levels of HbF. Clinically, Greek SS subjects show persistence of splenomegaly, more normal body build, and less leg ulceration and priapism.†– Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease†– Per:Graham R. Serjeant. MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities for understanding its diversity
Jahdey speaks: SO whatz ur point?
Hear your own echo again
February 20th, 2006 6:04 pm David admits in written record:
Jahdey doesn’t even provide the correct sentence that includes the numeric sources for these countries found in the official study but I will:
“The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily,4 Northern Greece,10 Southern Turkey,11 and South West Saudi Arabia,6,7 suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa..†See above.
Are you recanting again?
Case done!!
Jahdey continues to lie and distort the truth:
“Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. THE FACTOR IN COMMON TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL GENE IS THEREFORE MALARIA AND NOT AFRICAN ANCESTRY.
The higher hemoglobin and lower reticulocyte counts are consistent with less hemolysis, but Greek subjects have NEITHER OF THE GENETIC FACTORS RECOGNIZED to ameliorate hemolysis IN PATIENTS OF AFRICAN ORIGINS , alpha thalassemia or high levels of HbF. Clinically, Greek SS subjects show persistence of splenomegaly, more normal body build, and less leg ulceration and priapism.” – Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease” – Per:Graham R. Serjeant. MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities for understanding its diversity
Science contradicts both them and your false claim. Sickle cell disorder is not an African origin disease as you so falsely claim. In Greece the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait is found in NORTHERN Greeks who VIRTUALLY HAVE NO HAPLOGROUPS THAT ARE A TYPICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN BLACK AFRICANS. Period. The answer for this has been provided already by many scientists: sickle cell is not an African origins decease, its origins is MALARIA
Dave I quote your own words for you:
Dave whines:
February 19, 2006 at 10:28 pm (see above)
There is no black African genetic link found between you black Africans and white Greeks either in modern times or ancient….
Stop living in a delusional bubble of misconceptions and lies. HBS haplogroup 19 is not found in any Greeks,
Dave eats his own vomit:
February 20th, 2008 at 6:04 pm (See above)
“David provides corrections again:
If you actually read Segearnt article and not any old misinformation found on dubious online sites you would have known that he provides sources for Sicily, NORTHERN Greece(so what happended, it leeped frogged the rest of Greece? – …….
Jahdey doesn’t even provide the correct sentence that includes the numeric sources for these countries found in the official study but I will:
“The BENIN HAPLOTYPE accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily,4 NORTHERN GREECE,10 Southern Turkey,11 and South West Saudi Arabia,6,7 suggesting that THESE GENES had their ORIGIN IN WEST AFRICA…â€
CASE DONE!!!
JAHDEY SPEAKS: Now do you want me to also list other shared genes between Greeks, Nigerians Kenyans, Somalis, and Ethiopians?
Y-Haplogroup: E3A, E3B, A, K2, J2, DE, etc.
Autosomnal genes: G6PD, Thalassemia alpha, Thalassemia beta, HBS Haplotype 19 aka the Nigerian Haplotype.
Thanks for visiting Rastalivewire.
Jahdey
More lies and misinformation by Jahdey.
Corrections by David:
For one the Y Haplogroups found in Greeks are that of Caucasian genes, not of Sub-Saharan black Africans, as you so falsely stated:
Haplogroup DE is found in very small % in male populations of Nigeria which proves to be that of a much LATER MUTATION introduced INTO that African regions’ population not from it as you so falsely state. The DE haplogroup appeared approximately 50,000 years bp in Arabia and subsequently split into haplogroup E that spread to Europe and Africa and haplogroup D represents a great coastal migration along southern Asia, from Arabia to Southeast Asia.
As far as E3B goes, this Hg can be found through out most of Europe and it is best that one states clearly which sub-group of the E3B (E-M78a – which is not found in black africans but it is found in lower frequencies outside the Balkans and marks migrations from the Balkan areas not into it) is found in Caucasian Europeans like the Greeks. BTW, E-M78a that Greeks and other Europeans share chromosomes belong to cluster α, denoting gene flow from mainland Europe. The alpha cluster is a mutation that arose in the Balkan peninsula of Europe from an earlier marker with a Near Eastern origin, according to Cruciani et al. 2004 :
“Although E-M78β and E-M78γ show only modest levels of gene flow (from northern Africa to Europe and from eastern to northern Africa, respectively), the clinal frequency distribution of E-M78α within Europe testifies to important dispersal(s), most likely Neolithic or post-Neolithic. These took place from the Balkans, where the highest frequencies are observed, in all directions, as far as Iberia to the west and, most likely, also to Turkey to the southeast. Thus, it appears that, in Europe, the overall frequency pattern of the haplogroup E-M78a, the most frequent E3b haplogroup in this region, is mostly contributed by a new molecular type that distinguishes it from the aboriginal E3b chromosomes from the Near East. These data are hard to reconcile with the hypothesis of a uniform spread of a single Near Eastern gene pool into southeastern Europe”. – Am J Hum Genet. 2004 May; 74(5): 1014–1022. Published online 2004 March 24.
The African connection to European and Near East people is as distant as that of E-M81. And indeed, E-M78α is not found at all in the Horn of Africa. To try and claim southern Europeans, Middle Easterners, etc. as “black Africans” NOW because e3b came out of Africa, is a slippery slope to genetic evolution and goes against all scientific logic. Everybody came out of Africa. There are significant and distinct stages in phenotype and genotype that lead to the different founding populations of the world since people left Africa. Ancient and modern Greeks are genetically further apart from black Africans as most other Europeans are.
“Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. THE FACTOR IN COMMON TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL GENE IS THEREFORE MALARIA AND NOT AFRICAN ANCESTRY.
The higher hemoglobin and lower reticulocyte counts are consistent with less hemolysis, but Greek subjects have NEITHER OF THE GENETIC FACTORS RECOGNIZED to ameliorate hemolysis IN PATIENTS OF AFRICAN ORIGINS , alpha thalassemia or high levels of HbF. Clinically, Greek SS subjects show persistence of splenomegaly, more normal body build, and less leg ulceration and priapism.†– Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease†– Per:Graham R. Serjeant. MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities for understanding its diversity
Science contradicts your false claims. Sickle cell disorder is not an African origin disease as you so falsely claim. In Greece the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait is found in NORTHERN Greeks who VIRTUALLY HAVE NO HAPLOGROUPS THAT ARE A TYPICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN BLACK AFRICANS. Period. The answer for this has been provided already by many scientists: sickle cell is not an African origins decease, its origins anc common marker is MALARIA.