Genetic Linkages Between West Africa and Ancient Greece:
HLA genes allele distribution has been studied in Mediterranean and sub-Saharan populations. Their relatedness has been tested by genetic distances, neighbour-joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses.
The population genetic relationships have been compared with the history of the classical populations living in the area. A revision of the historic postulates would have to be undertaken, particularly in the cases when genetics and history are overtly discordant. HLA genomics shows that: 1) Greeks share an important part of their genetic pool with sub-Saharan Africans (Ethiopians and west Africans) also supported by Chr 7 Markers.
The gene flow from Black Africa to Greece may have occurred in Pharaonic times or when Saharan people emigrated after the present hyperarid conditions were established (5000 years B.C.).
2) Turks (Anatolians) do not significantly differ from other Mediterraneans, indicating that while the Asians Turks carried out an invasion with cultural significance (language), it is not genetically detectable.
3) Kurds and Armenians are genetically very close to Turks and other Middle East populations.
4) There is no HLA genetic trace of the so called Aryan invasion, which has only been defined on doubtful linguistic bases.
5) Iberians, including Basques, are related to north-African Berbers.
6) Present-day Algerian and Moroccan urban and country people show an indistinguishable Berber HLA profile.
Authors:
Arnaiz-Villena A, Gomez-Casado E, Martinez-Laso J.
Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
Tissue Antigens. 2002 Aug;60(2):111-21.
PMID: 12392505 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]
Jahdey, its sad that you can’t comprehend the simple fact that Arniez-Villena is being mentioned because that is from where your pseudo Tunisian study takes its information regarding the Greek genetic.
For example: as opposed to how Arniez-Villena conducted his dubious study, Ayub 2003 used 182 loci to group several of the world populations, including Greeks, based on genetic distances. Their results reveal Greeks are far distance from black Africans, and share a closeness to other Europeans & Caucasian people. This is what is known as INDEPENDENTLY studying the subject; conducting the tests which leads to coming to the conclusions ON YOUR OWN that either supports or does not support other findings conducted. The Ayub 2003 study confirmed the results of most other studies done on Greeks: they are far distance from black Africans and share a common ancestry with Europeans and other Caucasian people. On the other hand the Tunisian study did not study Greek subjects INDEPENDENTLY, as Ayub 2003, Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza, Petlichkovski and others did who all concluded no black African admixture was detected in the Greek subjects they conducted test upon. Instead what the Tunisians just do is sources the dubious paper of Arniez-Villena, in other words their paper just underwent specific selections for the purpose of reconstructing genealogies to shape their findings bases upon the Tunisians subjects they were conducting their studies upon; given they conducted NO studies on Greeks and sited a pseudo paper as their source, their findings are dubious and as such an unacceptable practice in population genetics.
JAHDEY demanded:
Find me one authority that rebuts its premise or Hajjej’s conclusion.
Come boy, I am waiting…your time is running out.
Dave continues to jabber and dogde:
“For example: as opposed to how Arniez-Villena conducted his dubious study, Ayub 2003 used jabber jabber jabber…etc….”
JAHDEY SPEAKS
It is clear now that you cannot produce anything. You rely on rumours, inconsistent logic, lies, and sundry hog-wash; as well as logical fallacies of poisoning the well and goal post shifting.
I gave you more than 24 hours to produce one paper that contradicts Hajjej’s paper and all you have to give me is your uneducated opinion.
That being so, the opinion of Prof. Hajjej expressed and accepted by the experts at the European Medical Journal of Genetics in 2006 must then prevail.
“HLA genes in Southern Tunisians (Ghannouch area) and their Relationship with other Mediterraneans.†â€European Journal of Medical Genetics†2006 January – February 49(1):43-56, “This present study confirms the relatedness of Greeks to Sub-Saharan populations. This suggests that there was an admixture between the Greeks and Sub-Saharans probably during Pharaonic period or after natural catastrophes (dryness) occurred in Sahara.â€â€
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7RKV-4FFN9D5-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a328c136bfba074b8a6ca730c0833a25
CASE CLOSED!!!
Next Citation:
“Haplotype analysis has demonstrated that the sickle cell trait in Sicily, northern Greece and western Arabia is in linkage disequilibrum with the Benin (Nigeria) haplotype in western central Africa. This constitues direct evidence for gene flow linked to human migration from central Africa to Mediterranean Europe in historical times…”
See “Robert Sallares, M.A. Ph.D; Abigail Bouwman, MSc, PHD and Cecilia Anderung, MSc, “The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems” Med. Hist. 2004 July 1; 48(3): 311-328.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=547919
Dave
That being so, the opinion of Prof. Hajjej expressed and accepted by the experts at the European Medical Journal of Genetics in 2006 must then prevail.
“HLA genes in Southern Tunisians (Ghannouch area) and their Relationship with other Mediterraneans.†â€European Journal of Medical Genetics†2006 January – February 49(1):43-56, “This present study confirms the relatedness of Greeks to Sub-Saharan populations. THIS SUGGESTS that there was an ADMIXTURE between the GREEKS AND Sub-Saharans probably DURING PHARONIC PERIOD or after natural catastrophes (dryness) occurred in Sahara.â€â€
http://www.sciencedirect.com/s…..30c0833a25
CASE CLOSED!!!
Next Citation:
“Haplotype analysis has demonstrated that the sickle cell trait in Sicily, northern Greece and western Arabia is in linkage disequilibrum with the Benin (Nigeria) haplotype in western central Africa. THIS CONSTITUTES DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR GENE FLOW linked to human migration FROM CENTRAL AFRICA TO MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE IN HISTORICAL TIMES…â€
See “Robert Sallares, M.A. Ph.D; Abigail Bouwman, MSc, PHD and Cecilia Anderung, MSc, “The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems†Med. Hist. 2004 July 1; 48(3): 311-328.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.g…..tid=547919
Go read the papers Dave…you need to be schooled properly.
JAHDEY SPEAKS: I am still waiting for a rational answer from David… 36 hours later…
There is no case to close because all you do is spread misinformation, as always.
Just like Jahdey to once again misquoting what the papers says. If you bothered to read the whole god damn report instead of spreading misinformation you would have known that the Robert Sallares, M.A. Ph.D; Abigail Bouwman, MSc, PHD and Cecilia Anderung, MSc, “The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity” study says very clearly, “that each region evolves its own mutations” SEPARATELY. You also forgot to mention the fact that in the next line after the one you posted states THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT SICKLE CELL IN SOUTHERN EUROPE/M.E./SOUTH ASIA AROSE INDEPENDENTLY MAKING THEM LOCAL ORIGIN FOUND IN LOCAL INHABITANTS THAT AROSE SEPARATE FROM THE AFRICAN ONES. – A Kulozik, J Wainscoat, G Serjeant, B Kar, B Al-Awamy, et al., ‘Geographical survey of βS-globin gene haplotypes: evidence for an independent origin of the sickle-cell mutation’, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 1986, 39: 239–44
“Alternatively he might have been one of the local inhabitants, since there is molecular evidence for an independent origin of the sickle-cell trait in India and eastern Arabia, with a different haplotype association. The Indian variant of homozygous sickle-cell disease displays a mild clinical phenotype, associated with high levels of foetal haemoglobin which inhibits sickling.63 This could explain how the Failaka individual survived to adulthood.” – Robert Sallares, M.A. Ph.D; Abigail Bouwman, MSc, PHD and Cecilia Anderung, MSc, “The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity”
BTW, Mr. Misinformation, the quote that you provided doesn’t speak about individuals living in Europe BUT of migrant EUROPEANS during the Hellenistic/Roman period who relocated into N. Africa and intermixed with local populations. Here is another interested piece of tibit that points to the fact that most ancient osteological evidence for thalassaemia comes from the NEAR EAST, not tropical Africa as “certain individuals” would like everyone to falsely believe:
“The most ancient osteological evidence for thalassaemia comes from the Near East, from a skeleton excavated at the now submerged village of Atlit Yam off the coast of Israel, dating to about 10,000 years ago.55″ – Robert Sallares, M.A. Ph.D; Abigail Bouwman, MSc, PHD and Cecilia Anderung, MSc, “The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity”
From that same paper here is more evidence that debunks Jahdey’s fallacies and states very clearly that the most frequent β-thalassaemia mutations in Mediterranean populations today ORIGINATED in Southern Europe & Anatolia, not tropical Africa:
“One of the two most frequent β-thalassaemia mutations in Mediterranean populations today, the B + IVS nt 110 mutation (G→A), which occurs in areas of Greek colonization in Italy, attains its highest frequencies today in eastern Mediterranean countries. It is very common in Greece, and is also associated with a high level of haplotype diversity in Turkey.72 Consequently, Italian scientists suggested that this particular mutation originated in Greece or Anatolia and was spread westwards to Italy by Greek colonization from the eighth century BC onwards.73”- A Cao, M Gossens, and M Pirastu, ‘β-thalassaemia mutations in Mediterranean populations’, Br. J. Haematology,
More evidence that debunks Jahdey’s fallacies where it states the routes taken whereby the virus found its way to Southern Europe was N. Africa in Western Europe and Near East in Eastern Europe, again no direct route from tropical Africa mention anywhere:
“Adding up all this evidence, a picture emerges of two quite separate routes whereby malaria itself, its vector mosquitoes, and the associated human genetic mutations which give some degree of resistance to malaria, reached southern Europe in the past. One route passed from Tunisia in North Africa, via Sicily and Sardinia, to Italy. The second route commenced in the eastern Mediterranean and led from the Levant or Anatolia to Greece and then on to Italy.” – Robert Sallares, M.A. Ph.D; Abigail Bouwman, MSc, PHD and Cecilia Anderung, MSc, “The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity”
FACTS that speak about the origins of the Mosquitos who spread the disorder into Southern Europe not only does the paper state they are different species, but they also have different geographical distributions and origins. A. labranchiae, the most important vector in central and southern Italy, originated in North Africa, while A. sacharovi, the most important vector of malaria in Greece originated in the Near East, again their place of origins are not tropical Africa:
“Not only are they different species, but they also have different geographical distributions and origins. A. labranchiae, the most important vector in central and southern Italy, originated in North Africa. It is a non-diapausing species of mosquito which remains active throughout the year and indeed breeds all the year round in North Africa, but cannot do so in mainland Italy. It had to stay inside houses or man-made animal shelters to survive the winter in southern Europe.77 In contrast A. sacharovi, the most important vector of malaria in Greece, tends to hibernate, a useful habit for surviving southern European winters. The Near East, the centre of its geographical distribution today, was presumably its refuge during the glacial periods. The hypothesis is proposed here that A. sacharovi spread from the Near East to Greece (together with other Near Eastern vectors such as A. superpictus) a considerable time before A. labranchiae spread from North Africa to mainland Italy.” – Robert Sallares, M.A. Ph.D; Abigail Bouwman, MSc, PHD and Cecilia Anderung, MSc, “The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity”
Another deliburate fact left out by Jahdey regarding Sickle Cell disorder is in where that same study by Robert Sallares and other scientific studies that state sickle cell is found at a very LOW frequency, of about less then 2 per cent, in Mediterranean populations. HARDLY an “overwhelming” evidence that Black Africans brought or altered the genetic makeup of Southern Europe or the N.E given less then 2% of these populations carry the virus and to the most important fact that most scientific evidence points to independent origins of the sickle-cell trait in all geographical regions.
“Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. THE FACTOR IN COMMON TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL GENE IS THEREFORE MALARIA AND NOT AFRICAN ANCESTRY. ” – Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease†– Per:Graham R. Serjeant. MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities for understanding its diversity
The higher hemoglobin and lower reticulocyte counts are consistent with less hemolysis, but Greek subjects have NEITHER OF THE GENETIC FACTORS RECOGNIZED to ameliorate hemolysis IN PATIENTS OF AFRICAN ORIGINS , alpha thalassemia or high levels of HbF. Clinically, Greek SS subjects show persistence of splenomegaly, more normal body build, and less leg ulceration and priapism.†– Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease†– Per:Graham R. Serjeant. MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities for understanding its diversity
Science contradicts your false claims. Sickle cell disorder is not an African origin disease as you so falsely claim. In Greece the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait is found in NORTHERN Greeks who VIRTUALLY HAVE NO HAPLOGROUPS THAT ARE A TYPICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN BLACK AFRICANS.
Jahdey, obvioulsy STILL can’t comprehend the simple fact that scientific evidence proves him wrong and misquoting research papers doesn’t help his case at all. Arniez-Villena is being mentioned because that is from where your pseudo Tunisian study because HE IS THE SOURCE FROM WHERE THE TUNISIAN STUDY takes its information regarding the Greek genetic. THE TUNISIANS DID NOT EVEN TEST ANY GREEK SUBJECTS. Keep misquoting what the facts are, science and history proves you wrong time and again.
‘Regarding the Arniez-Villena study, Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza-probably the world’s leading expert on studies of this sort-and his colleagues stated the following, “Using results from the analysis of a single marker, particularly one likely to have undergone selection, for the purpose of reconstructing genealogies is unreliable and unacceptable practice in population genetics.â€37 Greeks clustered with other European populations on genetic maps, far from the aggregation of North African and sub-Saharan groups.’- The Gene Wars: Diana Muir Appelbaum ; Paul S. Appelbaum
Dave
You are in denial! But that is fine since you are neither Greek nor African so it matters not.
But I will still toy with you one little bit:
DAVE SQUEAKS:
Another deliburate fact left out by Jahdey regarding Sickle Cell disorder is in where that same study by Robert Sallares and other scientific studies that state sickle cell is found at a very LOW frequency, of about less then 2 per cent, in Mediterranean populations. HARDLY an “overwhelming†evidence that Black Africans brought or altered the genetic makeup of Southern Europe or the N.E given less then 2% of these populations carry the virus and to the most important fact that most scientific evidence points to independent origins of the sickle-cell trait in all geographical regions.
JAHDEY ANSWERS: So now you admit the evidence. Confess then that your confusion lies in percentages so that we can clarify that for you also.
In any event, you just admitted that 2% of the mediterranean population bear African HBS 19. That numbers millions of people.
Those Mediterranean Africans were the original people of the Aegean Sea Islands. That is all that is left today following massacares, disenfranchisement, robberies, immigration, etc.
DAVE SQUEAKS:
“Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. THE FACTOR IN COMMON TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL GENE IS THEREFORE MALARIA AND NOT AFRICAN ANCESTRY. †– Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease†– Per:Graham R. Serjeant. MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities for understanding its diversity
JAHDEY CLARIFIES:
Yes, Dave, that quotation is from Dr. Graham who had already shown you that it was CONCLUSIVELY determined that HBS 19 from Benin West Africa went to Greece in historical times.
So in this passage, you are shown that the FREQUENCY of its DISTRIBUTION is linked with malaria and not African ancestry.
It does not contradict the fact that the ORIGIN of HBS 19 is AFRICA.
In otherwords, HBS HAPLOTYPE 19 ORIGINATED in Africa and moved on to Greece. Therein, environmental factors like malaria contributed to ITS INCREASED FREQUENCY.
There boy, is the misconception you have been sadly under for so long. I did not bother addressing it with you earlier because it was so pedestrain an issue it outed you as a novice, pretender wannabe in the field of genetic studies.
You still have more to learn in genetics before attempting to reproduce lines which meaning rank above your comprehension.
DAVE SQUEAKS:
The higher hemoglobin and lower reticulocyte counts are consistent with less hemolysis, but Greek subjects have NEITHER OF THE GENETIC FACTORS RECOGNIZED to ameliorate hemolysis IN PATIENTS OF AFRICAN ORIGINS , alpha thalassemia or high levels of HbF. Clinically, Greek SS subjects show persistence of splenomegaly, more normal body build, and less leg ulceration and priapism.†– Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease†– Per:Graham R. Serjeant. MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities for understanding its diversity
JAHDEY RESPONDS:
Dave, in your little imagination what does this passage have to do with the origin of sickle cell haplotype 19, or are you just being self-serving and distractionary? You want to pull the red herring fallacy?
The passage talks about ameliorating factors of sickle cell disease…not SICKLE CELL GENES. Those are different things.
Real Greeks usually have HBS 19 genes which originated from Africa.
DAVE BITCHES:
In Greece the ‘highest’ frequency of the trait is found in NORTHERN Greeks who VIRTUALLY HAVE NO HAPLOGROUPS THAT ARE A TYPICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN BLACK AFRICANS.
JAHDEY ANSWERS:
The Sickle Cell trait found in Greeks is an African haplotype.
There is no gene that marks for colour as in Black Africans. That is your Black heart speaking lies and hatred.
Genes are associated with geographical background and not with colour. Genes normally found in many areas of tropical Africa are also found in cold intemperate Europe.
Telling by genetic profile alon, sometimes one cannot distinguish Pink-pale Europeans from Dark-Brown Africans.
For example:
“The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily,4 Northern Greece,10 Southern Turkey,11 and South West Saudi Arabia,6,7 suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa..â€
Sicily,#4 = source Ragusa A, Lombardo M, Sortino G, et al. ßs gene in Sicily is in linkage disequilibrium with the Benin haplotype: Am J Hematol 1988;27:139-41. – implications for gene flow in recent ti
“HLA genes in Southern Tunisians (Ghannouch area) and their Relationship with other Mediterraneans.†â€European Journal of Medical Genetics†2006 January – February 49(1):43-56, “This present study confirms the relatedness of Greeks to Sub-Saharan populations. THIS SUGGESTS that there was an ADMIXTURE between the GREEKS AND Sub-Saharans probably DURING PHARONIC PERIOD or after natural catastrophes (dryness) occurred in Sahara.â€â€
http://www.sciencedirect.com/s…..30c0833a25
CASE CLOSED!!!
Next Citation:
“Haplotype analysis has demonstrated that the sickle cell trait in Sicily, northern Greece and western Arabia is in linkage disequilibrum with the Benin (Nigeria) haplotype in western central Africa. THIS CONSTITUTES DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR GENE FLOW linked to human migration FROM CENTRAL AFRICA TO MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE IN HISTORICAL TIMES…â€
See “Robert Sallares, M.A. Ph.D; Abigail Bouwman, MSc, PHD and Cecilia Anderung, MSc, “The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems†Med. Hist. 2004 July 1; 48(3): 311-328.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.g…..tid=547919
A study by Di Giacomo et al. in 2003 found the following African haplogroups in Greeks: Haplogroup A … is highly specific to West Africa…
David, you are now being highly irrational in your argument.
You may want to posture like you are debating with me, but you cannot debate the European Medical Genetics Journal which provided one of the sources for the thesis that African HBS Haplotype 19 is also found in Greeks.
European Journal of Medical Genetics†2006 January – February 49(1):43-56,
Finally,
This is the quotation that you have been having wet racist dreams over:
“Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. The factor in common to the distribution of the sickle cell gene is therefore malaria and not African ancestry….”
Below I post the entire passage to demonstrate what a low life lieing skunk racist you really are:
“Studies of the structure of DNA surrounding the beta globin locus reveal that the sickle cell gene is associated with several DNA structures probably representing DIFFERENT ANCESTRAL POPULATIONS. The most likely interpretation is that the sickle cell mutation is a relatively recent occurrence that has occurred independently in several different populations. Falciparum malaria then acted as a selective factor, increasing the prevalence of the gene because people inheriting the sickle cell gene from one parent and a gene for normal adult hemoglobin from the other parent (sickle cell trait) were less likely to die from malaria and so more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. The factor in common to the distribution of the sickle cell gene is therefore malaria and not African ancestry……”
There, doesn’t that give you a better context of what Dr. Graham Sergeant is driving at?
Especially when we know this already:
The origin of the mutation that led to the sickle cell gene was initially thought to be in the Arabian peninsula, spreading to Asia and Africa. It is now known, from evaluation of chromosome structures, that there have been at least four independent mutational events, three in Africa and a fourth in either Saudi Arabia or central India. See
Desai, D. V.; Hiren Dhanani (2004). “Sickle Cell Disease: History And Originâ€. The Internet Journal of Haematology 1 (2). ISSN 1540-2649.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease
It has been conclusively demonstrated that HbS in Greece is mostly haplotype #19 (the one that originated in Benin, Nigeria West Africa). See, Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas P.; The origin of the sickle mutation in Greece; evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Unit for Prenatal Diagnosis, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Sickle cell’s root is malaria, however, it’s origin is in Benin and the only spread is through admixture. Europeans have the same sickle cell present in those of west african stock.
You Jahdey, are an African, not a Greek, so trying to claim the identity and history of another people is the worst kind of thievery. That’s the difference between me and you: I don’t try to steal another cultures identity and history, you on the other hand are, based on nothing by fallacies.
Misquotes by Jahdey once again:
“So now you admit the evidence. Confess then that your confusion lies in percentages so that we can clarify that for you also. In any event, you just admitted that 2% of the mediterranean population bear African HBS 19. That numbers millions of people. ”
No Mr. Misinformation that is not what is being said. What scientific studies have proven is that LESS THEN 2% OF MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS EVEN CARRY THE DISORDER AND THE MOST IMPORTANT FACT FROM THAT IS: MOST SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE POINTS TO INDEPENDENT ORIGINS OF SICKLE-CELL TRAIT IN DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL PEOPLE & REGIONS.
More lies by Jahdey:
“Those Mediterranean Africans were the original people of the Aegean Sea Islands. That is all that is left today following massacares, disenfranchisement, robberies, immigration, etc. ”
Wrong you are again given all scientific and historical evidence shows no direct tropical African route to those regions. Those Mediterranean populations were not African at all. In fact if you bothered to read any of the papers you keep source you would have seen all scientific, historic and archeological evidence shows there was no direct route from tropical Africans to the Mediterranean or the Aegean Sea Islands, so no they were not “Mediterranean Africans” as Afrocentric like to falsely believe. Genetics has proven that their historical link is with people from Asia and the Near East and yet you don’t hear people from the Near East or Asia(who’s genetic link with Southern Europeans is much closer then tropical Africans) try to claim them as “Asians” or “Near Easterners” only you Afrocentric try to turn the whole world’s populations into “African”.
JAHDEY MISINFORMS AGAIN:
“Yes, Dave, that quotation is from Dr. Graham who had already shown you that it was CONCLUSIVELY determined that HBS 19 from Benin West Africa went to Greece in historical times.”
Graham R. Serjeant very clearly states the GENE for sickle-cell is MALARIA and not AFRICAN ANCESTRY, proven you wrong once again: – “Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. THE FACTOR IN COMMON TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL GENE IS THEREFORE MALARIA AND NOT AFRICAN ANCESTRY. †– Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease†– Per:Graham R. Serjeant. MRC Laboratories, University of the West Indies The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities for understanding its diversity
More Misinterpretations by JAHDEY:
“So in this passage, you are shown that the FREQUENCY of its DISTRIBUTION is linked with malaria and not African ancestry.
It does not contradict the fact that the ORIGIN of HBS 19 is AFRICA.
In otherwords, HBS HAPLOTYPE 19 ORIGINATED in Africa and moved on to Greece. Therein, environmental factors like malaria contributed to ITS INCREASED FREQUENCY.”
That is not what the passage says, there “boy”, you once again left out several crucial elements from your misinformation: The Sickle Cell GENE is therefore MALARIA and not AFRICAN ANCESTRY. The passage clearly states that those who have sickle-cell do not get it through your phantom ” AFRICAN ANCESTRY”, they get it through the GENE that causes MALARIA and Graham R. Serjeant clearly states this GENE does not imply AFRICAN ANCESTRY.
JAHDEY Lies again:
“Real Greeks usually have HBS 19 genes which originated from Africa.
The Sickle Cell trait found in Greeks is an African haplotype.”
Wrong once again, Jahdey, real Greeks genetically are linked to Eurasians. There are less then 2% of Greeks who test for the sickle cell trait and these Greeks carry haplotypes that are not found in tropical Africans, further proof that sickle-cell originated in different populations, different geographical areas, different historic times and different origins.
Jahdey misnformation:
“There is no gene that marks for colour as in Black Africans. That is your Black heart speaking lies and hatred.”
You are the one who is trying to steal a peoples identity, history and culture by turning them into West Africans ‘sub-saharan’ blacks, as this fallacy of an article clearly states at the top page. So don’t sit there and try to tell us Afrocentric like you are not trying to turn world’s populations into ‘black Africans’.
Jahdey lies:
“Genes are associated with geographical background and not with colour. Genes normally found in many areas of tropical Africa are also found in cold intemperate Europe.”
There you go again, trying to turn people who are not Africans into “Africans”, your agenda in all this can be seen very clearly. Instead of stealing other peoples identity, history and culture I suggest you concentrate on your own.
Jahdey lies again:
“The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily,4 Northern Greece,10 Southern Turkey,11 and South West Saudi Arabia,6,7 suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa..†Sicily,#4 = source Ragusa A, Lombardo M, Sortino G, et al. ßs gene in Sicily is in linkage disequilibrium with the Benin haplotype: Am J Hematol 1988;27:139-41. – implications for gene flow in recent ti
Even the Mosquitos who brought sickle-cell disorder to Southern Europe are not of tropical African origins:
“Not only are they different species, but they also have different geographical distributions and origins. A. labranchiae, the most important vector in central and southern Italy, originated in North Africa. It is a non-diapausing species of mosquito which remains active throughout the year and indeed breeds all the year round in North Africa, but cannot do so in mainland Italy. It had to stay inside houses or man-made animal shelters to survive the winter in southern Europe.77 In contrast A. sacharovi, the most important vector of malaria in Greece, tends to hibernate, a useful habit for surviving southern European winters. The Near East, the centre of its geographical distribution today, was presumably its refuge during the glacial periods. The hypothesis is proposed here that A. sacharovi spread from the Near East to Greece (together with other Near Eastern vectors such as A. superpictus) a considerable time before A. labranchiae spread from North Africa to mainland Italy.” – Robert Sallares, M.A. Ph.D; Abigail Bouwman, MSc, PHD and Cecilia Anderung, MSc, “The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity”
The Tunisian pseudo study that uses the Arniez-Villena study as its source:
“HLA genes in Southern Tunisians (Ghannouch area) and their Relationship with other Mediterraneans.†â€European Journal of Medical Genetics†2006 January – February 49(1):43-56, “This present study confirms the relatedness of Greeks to Sub-Saharan populations. THIS SUGGESTS that there was an ADMIXTURE between the GREEKS AND Sub-Saharans probably DURING PHARONIC PERIOD or after natural catastrophes (dryness) occurred in Sahara.â€â€
‘Regarding the Arniez-Villena study, Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza-probably the world’s leading expert on studies of this sort-and his colleagues stated the following, “Using results from the analysis of a single marker, particularly one likely to have undergone selection, for the purpose of reconstructing genealogies is unreliable and unacceptable practice in population genetics.â€37 Greeks clustered with other European populations on genetic maps, far from the aggregation of North African and sub-Saharan groups.’- The Gene Wars: Diana Muir Appelbaum ; Paul S. Appelbaum
More misinformation by Jahdey:
“You may want to posture like you are debating with me, but you cannot debate the European Medical Genetics Journal which provided one of the sources for the thesis that African HBS Haplotype 19 is also found in Greeks.”
Those are the same European Medical Genetics Journals that you misinterpret for your personal agendas. Sickle-Cell found in the Southern Europe has its origins in the Near East, not tropical Africa:
“One of the two most frequent β-thalassaemia mutations in Mediterranean populations today, the B + IVS nt 110 mutation (G→A), which occurs in areas of Greek colonization in Italy, attains its highest frequencies today in eastern Mediterranean countries. It is very common in Greece, and is also associated with a high level of haplotype diversity in Turkey.72 Consequently, Italian scientists suggested that this particular mutation originated in Greece or Anatolia and was spread westwards to Italy by Greek colonization from the eighth century BC onwards.73”- A Cao, M Gossens, and M Pirastu, ‘β-thalassaemia mutations in Mediterranean populations’, Br. J. Haematology,
Misinformed Jahdey still can’t comprehend what is being said in that passage by Dr. Graham Sergeant:
‘Below I post the entire passage to demonstrate what a low life lieing skunk racist you really are:
“Studies of the structure of DNA surrounding the beta globin locus reveal that the sickle cell gene is associated with several DNA structures probably representing DIFFERENT ANCESTRAL POPULATIONS. The most likely interpretation is that the sickle cell mutation is a relatively recent occurrence that has occurred independently in several different populations. Falciparum malaria then acted as a selective factor, increasing the prevalence of the gene because people inheriting the sickle cell gene from one parent and a gene for normal adult hemoglobin from the other parent (sickle cell trait) were less likely to die from malaria and so more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. The factor in common to the distribution of the sickle cell gene is therefore malaria and not African ancestry……â€
How pathetic. That passage debunks your myth about African origins for sickle cell found through out the world and you continue to misinterpret its meaning. It states very clearly that the beta globin locus represents DIFFERENT ANCESTRAL POPULATIONS(do you even know what these three words mean? They clearly debunk your fallacies about sickle-cell coming from ONE & THE SAME ancestral origins). Goes on to state: “The most likely interpretation is that the sickle cell mutation is a relatively recent occurrence that has occurred INDEPENDENTLY in several DIFFERENT populations.” Look up the words “OCCURED” and “INDEPENDENTLY” and “several DIFFERENT populations” mean since you don’t have a clue.