By Jide Uwechia with cited sources
The Benin Haplogroup or Haplogroup 19 Common in Africans, southern Greeks, Sicilians, and Albanians
There are at least four distinct African, (known as Senegal, Congo, Benin, Bantu Hbs Haplogroups) and one Asian chromosomal backgrounds (haplotypes) on which the sickle cell mutation has arisen.
The Benin haplotype (which originates from Nigeria, West Africa) accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily Northern Greece, Southern Turkey, and South West Saudi Arabia, suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa. The Asian haplotype is rarely encountered outside its geographic origin because there have been few large population movements and Indian emigrants have been predominantly from non HbS containing populations. Per:Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities For Understanding Its DiversityRSITY: http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/143/rev9239.html
Nigeria, west Africa appears the most logical origin of the sickle mutation in Greece evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms (1991). It has been conclusively demonstrated that HbS in Greece is mostly haplotype #19 (the one that originated in Benin, Nigeria West Africa). See, Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas P.; The origin of the sickle mutation in Greece; evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Unit for Prenatal Diagnosis, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Additionally, previous data suggest that the S/Bantu haplotype (from Southern Africa) is heterogeneous at the molecular level. Recent studies also report a similar heterogenity for the Benin Haplogroup. A study demonstrated the presence of the A -499 TA variation in sickle cell anemia chromosomes of Sicilian and North African origin bearing the S/Benin haplotype (from Nigeria). Being absent from North American S/Benin chromosomes, which were studied previously, this variation is indicative for the molecular heterogeneity of the S/Benin haplotype. Am. J. Hematol. 80:79-80, 2005.
A study was done in Albania (which borders Greece) relating to sickle cell anemia, sickle cell beta-thalassemia, and thalassemia major in Albania. The focus of the study was the characterization of sickle cell mutations. As one would expect, it was shown that the HbS mutation in the Albanian sample is the Benin (Nigeria)-originating haplotype #19. See, Boletini E, Svobodova M, Divoky V, Baysal E, Dimovski AJ, Liang R, Adekile AD, Huisman TH.; Sickle cell anemia, sickle cell beta-thalassemia, and thalassemia major in Albania: characterization of mutations. : Hum Genet. 1994 Feb;93(2):182-7.
According to a study done in 1973, before the availability of the advanced data cited above, “the occurrence of the sickle-cell trait in southern Europe …. is believed to reflect gene flow from the Middle East.” See A. P. GELPI, M.D, “Migrant Populations and the Diffusion of the Sickle-Cell Gene” August 1, 1973 vol. 79 no. 2 258-264 http://www.annals.org/content/79/2/258.abstract.
The problem with this 1973 study is that it assumes that the sickle cell genes came with the Arabs. Alas, updated research work has proven beyond doubt that the sickle cell genes proven to exist in southern Europe are exclusively Sickle cell gene Haplotype 19 or the Benin Sickle cell gene from Nigeria.
Y Haplogroup E-M78 and YAP In Black Africans and Greeks
Y Haplogroup E-M78 a derivative of E3B is a signature African gene as confirmed in research studies over the last few years. The high frequency of this haplogroup in Greece suggests the presence of a substantive African population in that region during prehistoric and historical time periods.
A recent paper has detected clades of haplogroups J and E3b that were likely not part of pre-historic migrations into Europe, but rather spread by later historical movements. Greeks .. [then there is] the marker J-M267, which may reflect more recent Middle Eastern admixture.
(Semino et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2004) E3b originates from East Africa while there is a high frequency of J-M267 in the East Coast of Africa as well as the Red sea coast of Arabia.
A recent sampling of the Greek population comprised 36 Peloponnesian samples, 5 of which were J-M172(xM12) and 17 of which were E-M78 (R.K., unpublished data).
In spite of the small Peloponnesian sample size, the high E-M78 frequency (47%) observed here is consistent with that (44%) independently found in the same region (Di Giacomo et al. 2003) for the YAP chromosomes harboring microsatellite haplotypes A. (Novelletto, personal communication) (Cruciani et al. 2004).
The study by by Di Giacomo et al. found the following African haplogroups in Greeks: Haplogroup A which is highly specific to West Africa, R1a, DE, and J2*(xDYS413= 18)J*(xJ2). R1* which probably gave rise to R1a is found in Northern Cameroon. DE is found principally among Nigerians and it is suspected that it originated from Nigeria. J is very prominent in East, and North Africa.
High-resolution Y-chromosome haplotyping and particular microsatellite associations reveal … an East Africa homeland for E-M78.Origin. See Ornella Semino, Chiara Magri, et al “Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area” http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15069642
HLA Genetic Relationship Between Ancient Greeks and Black Africans
HLA genes are reliable markers of past population movement and are still used in laboratories today to establish genetic inter-relationship amongst seemingly diverse peoples.
HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks (2001) was a study conducted by Dr. Arniaz and other scholars in a top flying Spanish University. This study uses HLA genes to establish the African dimension of the roots of ancient Greece.
According to the Arniaz study, …Greeks are found to have a substantial relatedness to sub-Saharan (Ethiopian) people, which separate them from other Mediterranean groups. Both Greeks and Ethiopians share quasi-specific DRB1 alleles, such as *0305, *0307, *0411, *0413, *0416, *0417, *0420, *1110, *1112, *1304 and *1310. Genetic distances are closer between Greeks and Ethiopian/sub-Saharan groups than to any other Mediterranean group and finally Greeks cluster with Ethiopians/sub-Saharans in both neighbour joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. The time period when these relationships might have occurred was ancient but uncertain and might be related to the displacement of Egyptian-Ethiopian people living in pharaonic Egypt. See Arnaiz-Villena A, et.al: HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks. Tissue Antigens. 2001 Feb; 57(2): 118-27
There is a fraudulent claim (by those with idealogical investments in the topic) on the Internet that this study has been “retracted” or “refuted.” The study is perfectly valid. Sub-Saharan-specific and quasi-sub-Saharan-specific alleles were definitely detected in the Greek population at the DRB1 locus, and this is not open to question.
It would be helpful here to discuss the study that was retracted, and the reason why. It is the work titled: “The origin of Palestinians and their genetic relatedness with other Mediterranean populations” (which contained some cross-referenced Greek data in a neighbor-joining dendogram and a correspondence analysis) that was retracted. And it was retracted solely and strictly for political reasons, as this Observer article makes crystal clear:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4307083,00.html
(Keep in mind we are dealing with the study on the relatedness of Jews and Palestinians at the moment, which was retracted, and not the one on the Greek-Black African relatedness, which was not retracted and remains valid. The two must not be confused.)
Appreciations to: http://onedroprule.org/about1071.html
Epilogue:
“Hb S is common in some areas of the Mediterranean basin, including regions of Italy, Greece, Albania and Turkey (Boletini et al., 1994) (Schiliro et al., 1990). Haplotype analysis shows that the Hb S in these areas originated in Africa. The genes probably moved along ancient trading routes between wealthy kingdoms in western Africa and the trade centers in the Mediterranean basin.” (Harvard University, http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scdmanage.html)
“Usually, people with sickle cell disease outside Africa (e.g., blacks in the United States) or India have mixed haplotypes for their sickle cell genes.” (Harvard University, http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scdmanage.html)
“Templeton gives a modern-day analogy: the presence of a gene for sickle cell anemia in Caucasians in Portugal. The gene traces back to a mutation that occurred in Africa and spread through interbreeding between Africans and Europeans. “The Africans didn’t come up, reconquer the Iberian peninsula, kill off all the Europeans, and that’s why there are sickle cell alleles in Portugal today,” he says. The presence of the sickle cell gene in Portugal “means that Portuguese and Africans have met and they’ve interbred, just like humans tend to do.” – “Out of Africa” – Ruth Flanagan, Contributing Editor, Earth Magazine, http://www2.mc.maricopa.edu/anthro/l…ofAfrica5.html
The only mindless babble around here is by you. Again you seem to not understand what real genetists say when they talk about when they say that they recognize that the precursor to European and Near Eastern E3b1 lineages lie in East Africa, yet they do *NOT* over-emphasize it to the point of calling every E3b1 clade and cluster “black Africanâ€, “Africanâ€, East African and or “African Neolithicâ€, because they all have different histories as well as being phylogeographically located and distributed differently.
“Thus, it appears that, in Europe, the overall frequency pattern of the haplogroup E-M78, the most frequent E3b haplogroup in this region, is mostly contributed by a new molecular type that distinguishes it from the aboriginal E3b chromosomes from the Near East.†Am. J. Hum. Genet., 74:1014-1022, 2004
“The most parsimonious and plausible scenario is that E-V13 originated in western Asia about 11 ky ago and its presence in northern Africa is the result of a more recent introgression. Under this hypothesis, E-V13 chromosomes sampled in western Asia and their coalescence estimate detect a likely Paleolithic exit out of Africa of E-M78 chromosomes devoid of the V13 mutation, which later occurred somewhere in the Near East/Anatolia.” (Cruciani 2007)
Read more Dave, read more and learn about true genetics not some night school business:
E3a and E3b. Both haplogroups are frequent in Africa (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002), although, to date, only E3b has also been observed in Europe (Semino et al.2000) and western Asia (Underhill et al. 2000; Cinniog? luet al. 2004).
Recently, it has been proposed that E3b originated in sub-Saharan Africa and expanded into the Near East and northern Africa at the end of the Pleistocene (Underhill et al. 2001). E3b lineages would have then been introduced from the Near East into southern Europe by immigrant farmers, during the Neolithic expansion(Hammer et al. 1998; Semino et al. 2000; Underhill et al. 2001).
I suggest you read more, Jahdey, and stop using pseudo Afrocentric in trying to misinform what genetic really say about this issue. The abstract says that “E3b lineages would have then been introduced from the Near East into southern Europe by immigrant farmers,” In other words, E3b came from the Near East by immigrant farmers, not Africa.
Read up on the concept of a single locus and genetic variation over a very long period of time. Studies explicitly state which haplgroups are of direct sub-Saharan origin and they are not the ones you keep trying to convince none Africans carry.
“Thus, it appears that, in Europe, the overall frequency pattern of the haplogroup E-M78, the most frequent E3b haplogroup in this region, is mostly contributed by a new molecular type that distinguishes it from the aboriginal E3b chromosomes from the Near East.†Am. J. Hum. Genet., 74:1014-1022, 2004
“The most parsimonious and plausible scenario is that E-V13 originated in western Asia about 11 ky ago and its presence in northern Africa is the result of a more recent introgression. Under this hypothesis, E-V13 chromosomes sampled in western Asia and their coalescence estimate detect a likely Paleolithic exit out of Africa of E-M78 chromosomes devoid of the V13 mutation, which later occurred somewhere in the Near East/Anatolia.†(Cruciani 2007)
^^More unintelligent and incomprehensible crap from our inhouse clown Dave.
Here is what real scientist say:
E3b1-M78 is the most common haplogroup E lineage in Europe (Cruciani et al. 2004; Semino et al. 2004). ……. Apart from its presence in Europe and the Middle East, E3b1 is also found in eastern and northern Africa. Cruciani et al. (2004)
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964
“E-M78 (for which microsatellite data suggest an eastern African origin) and, to a lesser extent, J-M12(M102) lineages would trace the subsequent diffusion of people from the southern Balkans to the west. A 7%-22% contribution of Y chromosomes from Greece to southern Italy was estimated by admixture analysis.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15069642?dopt=Abstract
More incomprehensible crap from the inhouse bozo Jahdey. No where do those real scientists ever claim E3b means black African lineages in none Africans. Point us to legit scientists who make such a fallacy of a claims, you won’t be able to because real scientist do *NOT* over-emphasize it to the point of calling every E3b1 clade and cluster “black Africanâ€, “Africanâ€, East African and or “African Neolithicâ€, because they are not, they all have different histories as well as being phylogeographically located and distributed differently. If you actually read the whole research papers you keep posting instead of segments you would have known that what those real scientist claims is contrary to the dubious theory that some like to throw out there that V13 found in most Europeans was a direct result of Neolithic settlers from Africa, the majority of the halogroups e3b1-m78 is characterized from the monocleuid marker V13 in through out Europe. In the African samples however this marker was not found. This shows that there was no direct genetic contact, in other words, Europe was not settled by African populations as the DNA analysis show, but by settlers from Anatolia. This is what you can’t understand and this is why I said for you to read up on the concept of a single locus and genetic variation over a very long period of time. Studies explicitly state which haplgroups are of DIRECT sub-Saharan origin and they are not the ones you keep trying to convince none Africans carry with your dubious posts.
“Thus, it appears that, in Europe, the overall frequency pattern of the haplogroup E-M78, the most frequent E3b haplogroup in this region, is mostly contributed by a new molecular type that distinguishes it from the aboriginal E3b chromosomes from the Near East.†Am. J. Hum. Genet., 74:1014-1022, 2004
“The most parsimonious and plausible scenario is that E-V13 originated in western Asia about 11 ky ago and its presence in northern Africa is the result of a more recent introgression. Under this hypothesis, E-V13 chromosomes sampled in western Asia and their coalescence estimate detect a likely Paleolithic exit out of Africa of E-M78 chromosomes devoid of the V13 mutation, which later occurred somewhere in the Near East/Anatolia.†(Cruciani 2007)
Real Scientists state:
“M35, the marker which defines the E3b group (strictly E3b1) and the most important downstream markers:
* V13 is the most common subtype of E3b found in Europe and indicates descent from Near Eastern farmers in the Neolithic period.
* V32 is a marker of East African ancestry, and is commonly found in Ethiopia and Somalia.
* V12 and V22 are also found in Europe, but are rarer than V13 and also found in N Africa and E Africa (V22).”
Dave whines: V12 and V22 are found in N Africa and E Africa but are very RARE in Europe and show recent migration to the region.
Jahdey roars:
Whatever clown…whatever!
Psst clown, there are many branches (to dumb it down for you) of E3B stem. But those branches all arise from the stem.
One more query clown, where is the Near East and who were the Stone age population of the Near East?
I luv your tomfoolery. Keep entertaining me…LOL!!!
“E-M78 (for which microsatellite data suggest an eastern African origin) and, to a lesser extent, J-M12(M102) lineages would trace the subsequent diffusion of people from the southern Balkans to the west. A 7%-22% contribution of Y chromosomes from Greece to southern Italy was estimated by admixture analysis.â€
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pu…..t=Abstract
If you want to see a clown, look in the mirror, you are the biggest clown around. The mere fact that you think people from the Near East were ‘black Africans’ proves my point on how ignorant you are on this subject. Not one of those real scientist EVER made any claims that E3b found in none Africans means black African lineage. And those REAL scientist including the ones you keep posting very clearly state those immigrants were from the Near East and NOT Africa. Read up on the concept of a single locus and genetic variation over a very long period of time. Studies explicitly state which haplgroups are of DIRECT sub-Saharan origin and they are not the ones you keep trying to convince none Africans carry with your dubious posts
“Thus, it appears that, in Europe, the overall frequency pattern of the haplogroup E-M78, the most frequent E3b haplogroup in this region, is mostly contributed by a new molecular type that distinguishes it from the aboriginal E3b chromosomes from the Near East.†Am. J. Hum. Genet., 74:1014-1022, 2004
“The most parsimonious and plausible scenario is that E-V13 originated in western Asia about 11 ky ago and its presence in northern Africa is the result of a more recent introgression. Under this hypothesis, E-V13 chromosomes sampled in western Asia and their coalescence estimate detect a likely Paleolithic exit out of Africa of E-M78 chromosomes devoid of the V13 mutation, which later occurred somewhere in the Near East/Anatolia.†(Cruciani 2007)
And in your typical misinformtion about what those real scientists say, you forgot or better yet deliberately left out THIS part from the article you posted:
“.. based on strong geographic structuring of diverse microsatellite motifs, E3b-M78 is suggested to be a collection of subclades with different evolutionary histories (Cruciani et al. 2004; Semino et al. 2004) out of which the cluster, largely characterized by an A7.1 nine-repeat allele, is confined to Europe (the Balkans) and Turkey (Cruciani et al. 2004). E3b1 variance distribution depicted in figure 4(D) does not overlap with its frequency distribution possibly because analyzed E3b1 chromosomes harbor diverse background motifs.”
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/…..22/10/1964
Notice what real scientists say: “E3b-M78 is suggested to be a collection of subclades with different evolutionary histories…. E3b1 chromosomes harbor diverse background motifs” (Cruciani et al. 2004; Semino et al. 2004). Like I said real scientist do *NOT* over-emphasize it to the point of calling every E3b1 clade and cluster “black Africanâ€, “Africanâ€, East African and or “African Neolithicâ€, because they are not, they all have different histories as well as being different phylogeographically located and distributed differently.