By Jide Uwechia with cited sources
The Benin Haplogroup or Haplogroup 19 Common in Africans, southern Greeks, Sicilians, and Albanians
There are at least four distinct African, (known as Senegal, Congo, Benin, Bantu Hbs Haplogroups) and one Asian chromosomal backgrounds (haplotypes) on which the sickle cell mutation has arisen.
The Benin haplotype (which originates from Nigeria, West Africa) accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily Northern Greece, Southern Turkey, and South West Saudi Arabia, suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa. The Asian haplotype is rarely encountered outside its geographic origin because there have been few large population movements and Indian emigrants have been predominantly from non HbS containing populations. Per:Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities For Understanding Its DiversityRSITY: http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/143/rev9239.html
Nigeria, west Africa appears the most logical origin of the sickle mutation in Greece evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms (1991). It has been conclusively demonstrated that HbS in Greece is mostly haplotype #19 (the one that originated in Benin, Nigeria West Africa). See, Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas P.; The origin of the sickle mutation in Greece; evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Unit for Prenatal Diagnosis, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Additionally, previous data suggest that the S/Bantu haplotype (from Southern Africa) is heterogeneous at the molecular level. Recent studies also report a similar heterogenity for the Benin Haplogroup. A study demonstrated the presence of the A -499 TA variation in sickle cell anemia chromosomes of Sicilian and North African origin bearing the S/Benin haplotype (from Nigeria). Being absent from North American S/Benin chromosomes, which were studied previously, this variation is indicative for the molecular heterogeneity of the S/Benin haplotype. Am. J. Hematol. 80:79-80, 2005.
A study was done in Albania (which borders Greece) relating to sickle cell anemia, sickle cell beta-thalassemia, and thalassemia major in Albania. The focus of the study was the characterization of sickle cell mutations. As one would expect, it was shown that the HbS mutation in the Albanian sample is the Benin (Nigeria)-originating haplotype #19. See, Boletini E, Svobodova M, Divoky V, Baysal E, Dimovski AJ, Liang R, Adekile AD, Huisman TH.; Sickle cell anemia, sickle cell beta-thalassemia, and thalassemia major in Albania: characterization of mutations. : Hum Genet. 1994 Feb;93(2):182-7.
According to a study done in 1973, before the availability of the advanced data cited above, “the occurrence of the sickle-cell trait in southern Europe …. is believed to reflect gene flow from the Middle East.” See A. P. GELPI, M.D, “Migrant Populations and the Diffusion of the Sickle-Cell Gene” August 1, 1973 vol. 79 no. 2 258-264 http://www.annals.org/content/79/2/258.abstract.
The problem with this 1973 study is that it assumes that the sickle cell genes came with the Arabs. Alas, updated research work has proven beyond doubt that the sickle cell genes proven to exist in southern Europe are exclusively Sickle cell gene Haplotype 19 or the Benin Sickle cell gene from Nigeria.
Y Haplogroup E-M78 and YAP In Black Africans and Greeks
Y Haplogroup E-M78 a derivative of E3B is a signature African gene as confirmed in research studies over the last few years. The high frequency of this haplogroup in Greece suggests the presence of a substantive African population in that region during prehistoric and historical time periods.
A recent paper has detected clades of haplogroups J and E3b that were likely not part of pre-historic migrations into Europe, but rather spread by later historical movements. Greeks .. [then there is] the marker J-M267, which may reflect more recent Middle Eastern admixture.
(Semino et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2004) E3b originates from East Africa while there is a high frequency of J-M267 in the East Coast of Africa as well as the Red sea coast of Arabia.
A recent sampling of the Greek population comprised 36 Peloponnesian samples, 5 of which were J-M172(xM12) and 17 of which were E-M78 (R.K., unpublished data).
In spite of the small Peloponnesian sample size, the high E-M78 frequency (47%) observed here is consistent with that (44%) independently found in the same region (Di Giacomo et al. 2003) for the YAP chromosomes harboring microsatellite haplotypes A. (Novelletto, personal communication) (Cruciani et al. 2004).
The study by by Di Giacomo et al. found the following African haplogroups in Greeks: Haplogroup A which is highly specific to West Africa, R1a, DE, and J2*(xDYS413= 18)J*(xJ2). R1* which probably gave rise to R1a is found in Northern Cameroon. DE is found principally among Nigerians and it is suspected that it originated from Nigeria. J is very prominent in East, and North Africa.
High-resolution Y-chromosome haplotyping and particular microsatellite associations reveal … an East Africa homeland for E-M78.Origin. See Ornella Semino, Chiara Magri, et al “Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area” http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15069642
HLA Genetic Relationship Between Ancient Greeks and Black Africans
HLA genes are reliable markers of past population movement and are still used in laboratories today to establish genetic inter-relationship amongst seemingly diverse peoples.
HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks (2001) was a study conducted by Dr. Arniaz and other scholars in a top flying Spanish University. This study uses HLA genes to establish the African dimension of the roots of ancient Greece.
According to the Arniaz study, …Greeks are found to have a substantial relatedness to sub-Saharan (Ethiopian) people, which separate them from other Mediterranean groups. Both Greeks and Ethiopians share quasi-specific DRB1 alleles, such as *0305, *0307, *0411, *0413, *0416, *0417, *0420, *1110, *1112, *1304 and *1310. Genetic distances are closer between Greeks and Ethiopian/sub-Saharan groups than to any other Mediterranean group and finally Greeks cluster with Ethiopians/sub-Saharans in both neighbour joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. The time period when these relationships might have occurred was ancient but uncertain and might be related to the displacement of Egyptian-Ethiopian people living in pharaonic Egypt. See Arnaiz-Villena A, et.al: HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks. Tissue Antigens. 2001 Feb; 57(2): 118-27
There is a fraudulent claim (by those with idealogical investments in the topic) on the Internet that this study has been “retracted” or “refuted.” The study is perfectly valid. Sub-Saharan-specific and quasi-sub-Saharan-specific alleles were definitely detected in the Greek population at the DRB1 locus, and this is not open to question.
It would be helpful here to discuss the study that was retracted, and the reason why. It is the work titled: “The origin of Palestinians and their genetic relatedness with other Mediterranean populations” (which contained some cross-referenced Greek data in a neighbor-joining dendogram and a correspondence analysis) that was retracted. And it was retracted solely and strictly for political reasons, as this Observer article makes crystal clear:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4307083,00.html
(Keep in mind we are dealing with the study on the relatedness of Jews and Palestinians at the moment, which was retracted, and not the one on the Greek-Black African relatedness, which was not retracted and remains valid. The two must not be confused.)
Appreciations to: http://onedroprule.org/about1071.html
Epilogue:
“Hb S is common in some areas of the Mediterranean basin, including regions of Italy, Greece, Albania and Turkey (Boletini et al., 1994) (Schiliro et al., 1990). Haplotype analysis shows that the Hb S in these areas originated in Africa. The genes probably moved along ancient trading routes between wealthy kingdoms in western Africa and the trade centers in the Mediterranean basin.” (Harvard University, http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scdmanage.html)
“Usually, people with sickle cell disease outside Africa (e.g., blacks in the United States) or India have mixed haplotypes for their sickle cell genes.” (Harvard University, http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scdmanage.html)
“Templeton gives a modern-day analogy: the presence of a gene for sickle cell anemia in Caucasians in Portugal. The gene traces back to a mutation that occurred in Africa and spread through interbreeding between Africans and Europeans. “The Africans didn’t come up, reconquer the Iberian peninsula, kill off all the Europeans, and that’s why there are sickle cell alleles in Portugal today,” he says. The presence of the sickle cell gene in Portugal “means that Portuguese and Africans have met and they’ve interbred, just like humans tend to do.” – “Out of Africa” – Ruth Flanagan, Contributing Editor, Earth Magazine, http://www2.mc.maricopa.edu/anthro/l…ofAfrica5.html
Correction to my previous post. Dr. Oppenheimer’s Oxford University colleague, Bryan Sykes, is the author of ‘The Seven Daughters of Eve’…My apologies to Dr. Sykes.
‘The primary defect of such studies is that the authors relied on a single genetic marker, the HLA-DRB1 gene, to determine the genetic closeness of a large number of ethnic groups from Africa, the Near East, and the Mediterranean. Commenting on the work of this research group, Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza-probably the world’s leading expert on studies of this sort-and his colleagues stated, “Using results from the analysis of a single marker, particularly one likely to have undergone selection, for the purpose of reconstructing genealogies is unreliable and unacceptable practice in population genetics.â€37 Greeks clustered with other European populations on genetic maps, far from the aggregation of North African and sub-Saharan groups.’
– The Gene Wars: Diana Muir Appelbaum ; Paul S. Appelbaum
The substantial evidnece supporting these claims are evidently correct blood doesn’t lie. Might I add if you were to look at the greeks of today they have very flat noses which is a Negroid trait but Turks also have these types of traits.
More importantly this proves that the Macedonians are infact seperate and not in anyway linked.
What a celebration of an inferiority complex.. as proven through the selective copy/pastes and their convenient little distortions.
Why resort to such manipulation of facts?
Why speak of “substantive African population” when the author (Seminio) indicates that E-M78 moved into the region 7–14 thousand years (ky) ago ??
Why allegedly quote paper which you have NEVER READ?
This is more than simply evident when you allegedly quote the Loukopoulos paper (obviously found its reference in that of R.Graham) when you totally ignore that they suggest INTRODUCTION OF THE BETA S MUTATION THE LAST FEW CENTURIES.
Finally the very reference to the propaganda paper by Villena that was trashed proves your true intentions, as were his by a simple glance at it.. (but we’ve already concluded that you don’t read papers)
Learn that the results were rejected because he used A SINGLE GENETIC MARKER (HLA DRB1) when the use of AT LEAST 60 is DEMANDED for results of approx. 90% accuracy.
I’d suggest that the author and his followers find pride in who they are, their culture and their ancestor’s true achievments and forget about such rediculous claims which are nothing more than a celebration of some inferiority complex.
^^Orphesus
You are the one that is a liar and illiterate. The one with a hidden agenda and I shall unmask you:
Your name Orphic Hymn is cultural theft as neither yourself nor your ancestors ever had any thing to do with Greece. By your tone I presume an undereducated Northwestern European type, the types full of hype and hubris. The ones sounding fury and wrath at history though they have no clue of their own origin or history.
If a wretch like you can claim connections to the Greeks when there is no such linkage, what standing do you have to condemn the claims of those whose entitlement to Greek civilization is both documented by the Greeks and the Egyptians in their antique texts as well as validated by modern genetic research.
Or is it a lie that Haplogroup 19 originates form Nigeria, in Africa? Is it a lie that Greeks, Albanians, and Turks present a high prevalence of Haplogroup 19?
Is this the first time you are hearing of the African origin of E-M78?
Mr. Ophesus Ignoramus, these are established scientific facts beyond debate. Go do a simple goggle check rather than spending all your time on silly Aryan Racist website and under-educating your self with half-baked colonial mythology. This is the 21st century not Victorian England where lies were hallowed. Here on Rastalivewire, lies are buried and the half that was not told is boldly stated.
In the above article, close to a dozen authorities were cited. Go read them up digest and compare their messages with your baseless, stupid racists assumptions. Times have changed, Mr Orphesus.
Rasta is the original African lion…unconcerned with the sentiments of allies and enemies. I and I have been sent by the Right Honourable Marcus Mosiah Garvey, His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile Selassie, and his Excellency President Kwame Nkrumah to spread the truth where there used to be lies and to counter negative and weak heart conceptions like yours with positive vibration.
You just got introduced to a new template of historical interpretation. Study with an open mind so that you can grow.
Finally, on inferiority complex, you are the one with that terrible affliction as I have shown you to be a thief of culture; undereducated, ignorant and weakminded. Those are the obvious symptoms of inferiority complex. Additionally is the fact that you are trying to use our website to advertise your cheap and sloppy website which I know none visits because you have no information to provided. That low trick of yours, trying to hyperlink your website to ours demonstrates how direly you are in need of acknowledgment.
All this is to say that we hope you are better informed on your next visit. There are many other powerful articles on this site to help unburden your soul of the terrible affliction of inferiority complex which underlies all racial hatred. I strongly recommend that you read them.
Jahdey
So distortion is a habbit, not only of genetic papers but also of screen names and all that in a pathetic display of the resentment to the feeling of humiliation of being exposed..
Just to think that you were allegedly going to “unmask” me but resorted to nothing more than an endless rambling which doesn’t address anything I posted indicates that you are truly pathetic.
You could have just answered my questions.. but that obviously far too difficult because then you’d have to admit the INTENTIONAL DISTORTION.
Since your comprehension of the simplest of posts is limited, I’ll break it down so that even an intellectual midget like yourself can understand.
The article is titled “Genetic Evidence of the Nigerian and Ethiopian Origin of the Ancient Greek” and allegedly cites the 1991 Loukopoulos paper titled “The origin of the sickle mutation in Greece; evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms”
all this in an attempt to justify this absurd claim of the ANCIENT HELLENES being of Nigerian and Ethiopian origin..
While I’m up to the debate, the question remains.. WHY DISTORT ITS CONTEXT?
The Loukopoulos paper clearly speaks of LAST FEW CENTURIES.. now while you dare title me illiterate, let me do you a favor by informing you that CENTURY = 100 YEARS and the clarification of LAST MILLENIUM as found in the paper’s abstract, should have indicated that its use as alleged proof of your allegations was a nothing more than a mistake which you could have easily accepted.
BUT true and objective information isn’t what you’re aiming at.. hence why you avoided indicating that the paper is refering to the LAST MILLENIUM (MILLENIUM = 1000 YEARS) and tried to link it to your absurd theory.
As for E-M78.. I know very well the origin of E-M78.. the problem, your problem to be exact is that you either are totally incapable of comprehending the very simple english in which Seminio’s paper is written or we turn to the logical conclusion which is that her research is totally indifferent to your inferiority complex, hence why you resorted to intentionally distorting it.
the paper reads:
“The network of EM78 and that of E-M123 are in agreement with the
hypothesis of their ancient presence in the Near East and
their subsequent expansion into the southern Balkans.
The divergence time (TD) (Zhivotovsky 2001) between
the Near East and European lineages has been estimated
to a range of 7–14 thousand years (ky) ago.”
Now this 7-14 THOUSAND YEARS AGO (note thousand = 100 x 10) ends the little fairy-tale of linking it to your wet-dreams of plagiarising a history and cuture which you have no connection to what so ever.
Finally as for hyperlinking websites.. While I know its not required.. why the hell ask for it if you don’t want others to post it?
PS: Orphic derives from Orpheus but that is obviously beyond your comprehension.
PS2: next time try to address what is posted instead of bring in Aryan crap theories and pathetic displays of your ignorance by throwing Nazi innuendos.
Fake Orphesus Ignoramus
You are a bigger illiterate than I thought. How did you manage to get past grade 5?
The article on the Nigerian Ethiopian Origins of the Ancient Greeks states in paragraph 4 that:
“…Nigeria, west Africa appears the most logical origin of the sickle mutation in Greece evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms (1991). It has been conclusively demonstrated that HbS in Greece is mostly haplotype #19 (the one that originated in Benin, Nigeria West Africa). See, Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas P.; The origin of the sickle mutation in Greece; evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Unit for Prenatal Diagnosis, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.”
According to M.Loukoupolos paper:
“…Subsequent haplotype analysis of the b.beta-globin gene cluster in 82 b.betaS chromosomes demonstrated that 79 (96%) belonged to haplotype #19, while the three exceptions (all Hpa I negative) could be explained by a b.delta-b.beta recombination event. Haplotype #19 was never encountered in a parallel study of the 83 b.betaA chromosomes. Comparison of the above results with similar surveys in other parts of the world and consideration of various historical events suggest that the b.betaS mutation was introduced into Greece over the last few centuries by the Saracen raids and/or by settlements of North African slaves brought in by the Arabs, Franks, Venetians, or Ottoman Turks, who have occupied the country over the last millennium.”
How does this assertion by Loukoupolous contradict paragraph 4 of the article?
Africa is identified by Loukoupolous as the origin of HBS. Haplotype 19 is of Nigerian origin. The Loukoupolos article was cited to support the identity of Haplotype 19 as Nigerian in origin. It was never cited to provide the age of Haplotype 19 in Europe. That is why I call you an unmitigated illiterate and ignoramus. Completely without comprehension.
Sickle Cell Antiquity in Europe
Respecting the age of this haplotype 19 in Southern Europe we used the research of other eminent authorities such as Dr. Seargeant to establish the fact that by the time of historical antiquity the gene was well established in southern Europe. Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities For Understanding Its DiversityRSITY: http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/143/rev9239.html
Other support for the age of HBS in Europe can be deduced by validating the age of the malaria parasite in Europe since sickle cell is a mutation that occurs in response to endemic malaria. See: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4587311.stm
It is well established that malaria was in Europe way back 6,000 years ago. See The History of Malaria: http://www.museums.org.za/bio/apicomplexa/history_of_malaria.htm
The Greek medical authority Hippocratis described malaria as an affliction in his medical text which have been dated to the 6th and 5th century BC. See http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=547919
If malaria is at least 5000 years in Europe, and sickle cell is a mutation that occurs in response to malaria pandemia, then one can presume that there must have been sickle cell mutations in Southern Europe as early as 5,000 years ago. Right?
How old is ancient Greece? All calculations establish that the Greeks became prominent in ancient history about 3,000 years ago.
Who were those ancient Greeks? They were human beings who had in their genetic makeup, the HBS gene that protected against malaria.
What is that gene specifically speaking? The gene found in Greece and the Greeks present a Nigerian origin since the Haplotype 19 is originated in Nigeria.
So Mr. Ignoramus Ophersus, does that help solve your problem? One has to use deductive and inductive reasoning faculties in reading and understanding the message of research work. But then your problem lies in the deficiency of those critical faculties. Rote learning was your creation, it will be your ruins.
A parting shot will be this quotation by several sickle cell experts who have studied the European angle: “The lack of haplotype diversity associated with most of the malaria resistance mutations found in modern Mediterranean populations suggests that they have evolved within the last few thousand years.” See:
G O Tadmouri, N Garguier, J Demont, P Perrin, and A N Başak, ‘History and origin of β-thalassaemia in Turkey: sequence haplotype diversity of β-globin genes’, Human Biology, 2001, 73: 661–74; L Zahed, J Demont, R Bouhass, G Trabuchet, C Hänni, et al., ‘Origin and history of the IVS-I-110 and codon-39 β-thalassemia mutations in the Lebanese population’, Human Biology, 2002, 74: 837–47; S A Tishkoff, R Varkonyi, N Cahinhinan, S Abbes, G Argyropoulos, et al. ‘Haplotype diversity and linkage disequilibrium at human G6PD: recent origin of alleles that confer malarial resistance’, Science, 2001, 293: 455–62; L Luzzatto and R Notaro, ‘Malaria: protecting against bad air’, Science, 2001, 293: 442–3; P C Sabeti, D E Reich, J M Higgins, H Levine, D Richter, et al. ‘Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure’, Nature, 2002, 419: 832–7.
Learn!!! Read some more at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=547919#fn54
BTW: Next time please cite your authorities. You are one ignoramus and I will not be considering your stupidness next time unless you provide peer reviewed authorities.
And that your website is one hog wash. How many visitors come to read your vapidness and insipidity?
I remain your teacher (Black and bold)
Jahdey