By Jide Uwechia with cited sources
The Benin Haplogroup or Haplogroup 19 Common in Africans, southern Greeks, Sicilians, and Albanians
There are at least four distinct African, (known as Senegal, Congo, Benin, Bantu Hbs Haplogroups) and one Asian chromosomal backgrounds (haplotypes) on which the sickle cell mutation has arisen.
The Benin haplotype (which originates from Nigeria, West Africa) accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily Northern Greece, Southern Turkey, and South West Saudi Arabia, suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa. The Asian haplotype is rarely encountered outside its geographic origin because there have been few large population movements and Indian emigrants have been predominantly from non HbS containing populations. Per:Graham R. Serjeant, MD, FRCP, The Geography Of Sickle Cell Disease:Opportunities For Understanding Its DiversityRSITY: http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/143/rev9239.html
Nigeria, west Africa appears the most logical origin of the sickle mutation in Greece evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms (1991). It has been conclusively demonstrated that HbS in Greece is mostly haplotype #19 (the one that originated in Benin, Nigeria West Africa). See, Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas P.; The origin of the sickle mutation in Greece; evidence from beta S globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Unit for Prenatal Diagnosis, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Additionally, previous data suggest that the S/Bantu haplotype (from Southern Africa) is heterogeneous at the molecular level. Recent studies also report a similar heterogenity for the Benin Haplogroup. A study demonstrated the presence of the A -499 TA variation in sickle cell anemia chromosomes of Sicilian and North African origin bearing the S/Benin haplotype (from Nigeria). Being absent from North American S/Benin chromosomes, which were studied previously, this variation is indicative for the molecular heterogeneity of the S/Benin haplotype. Am. J. Hematol. 80:79-80, 2005.
A study was done in Albania (which borders Greece) relating to sickle cell anemia, sickle cell beta-thalassemia, and thalassemia major in Albania. The focus of the study was the characterization of sickle cell mutations. As one would expect, it was shown that the HbS mutation in the Albanian sample is the Benin (Nigeria)-originating haplotype #19. See, Boletini E, Svobodova M, Divoky V, Baysal E, Dimovski AJ, Liang R, Adekile AD, Huisman TH.; Sickle cell anemia, sickle cell beta-thalassemia, and thalassemia major in Albania: characterization of mutations. : Hum Genet. 1994 Feb;93(2):182-7.
According to a study done in 1973, before the availability of the advanced data cited above, “the occurrence of the sickle-cell trait in southern Europe …. is believed to reflect gene flow from the Middle East.” See A. P. GELPI, M.D, “Migrant Populations and the Diffusion of the Sickle-Cell Gene” August 1, 1973 vol. 79 no. 2 258-264 http://www.annals.org/content/79/2/258.abstract.
The problem with this 1973 study is that it assumes that the sickle cell genes came with the Arabs. Alas, updated research work has proven beyond doubt that the sickle cell genes proven to exist in southern Europe are exclusively Sickle cell gene Haplotype 19 or the Benin Sickle cell gene from Nigeria.
Y Haplogroup E-M78 and YAP In Black Africans and Greeks
Y Haplogroup E-M78 a derivative of E3B is a signature African gene as confirmed in research studies over the last few years. The high frequency of this haplogroup in Greece suggests the presence of a substantive African population in that region during prehistoric and historical time periods.
A recent paper has detected clades of haplogroups J and E3b that were likely not part of pre-historic migrations into Europe, but rather spread by later historical movements. Greeks .. [then there is] the marker J-M267, which may reflect more recent Middle Eastern admixture.
(Semino et al., Am J Hum Genet, 2004) E3b originates from East Africa while there is a high frequency of J-M267 in the East Coast of Africa as well as the Red sea coast of Arabia.
A recent sampling of the Greek population comprised 36 Peloponnesian samples, 5 of which were J-M172(xM12) and 17 of which were E-M78 (R.K., unpublished data).
In spite of the small Peloponnesian sample size, the high E-M78 frequency (47%) observed here is consistent with that (44%) independently found in the same region (Di Giacomo et al. 2003) for the YAP chromosomes harboring microsatellite haplotypes A. (Novelletto, personal communication) (Cruciani et al. 2004).
The study by by Di Giacomo et al. found the following African haplogroups in Greeks: Haplogroup A which is highly specific to West Africa, R1a, DE, and J2*(xDYS413= 18)J*(xJ2). R1* which probably gave rise to R1a is found in Northern Cameroon. DE is found principally among Nigerians and it is suspected that it originated from Nigeria. J is very prominent in East, and North Africa.
High-resolution Y-chromosome haplotyping and particular microsatellite associations reveal … an East Africa homeland for E-M78.Origin. See Ornella Semino, Chiara Magri, et al “Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area” http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15069642
HLA Genetic Relationship Between Ancient Greeks and Black Africans
HLA genes are reliable markers of past population movement and are still used in laboratories today to establish genetic inter-relationship amongst seemingly diverse peoples.
HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks (2001) was a study conducted by Dr. Arniaz and other scholars in a top flying Spanish University. This study uses HLA genes to establish the African dimension of the roots of ancient Greece.
According to the Arniaz study, …Greeks are found to have a substantial relatedness to sub-Saharan (Ethiopian) people, which separate them from other Mediterranean groups. Both Greeks and Ethiopians share quasi-specific DRB1 alleles, such as *0305, *0307, *0411, *0413, *0416, *0417, *0420, *1110, *1112, *1304 and *1310. Genetic distances are closer between Greeks and Ethiopian/sub-Saharan groups than to any other Mediterranean group and finally Greeks cluster with Ethiopians/sub-Saharans in both neighbour joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. The time period when these relationships might have occurred was ancient but uncertain and might be related to the displacement of Egyptian-Ethiopian people living in pharaonic Egypt. See Arnaiz-Villena A, et.al: HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks. Tissue Antigens. 2001 Feb; 57(2): 118-27
There is a fraudulent claim (by those with idealogical investments in the topic) on the Internet that this study has been “retracted” or “refuted.” The study is perfectly valid. Sub-Saharan-specific and quasi-sub-Saharan-specific alleles were definitely detected in the Greek population at the DRB1 locus, and this is not open to question.
It would be helpful here to discuss the study that was retracted, and the reason why. It is the work titled: “The origin of Palestinians and their genetic relatedness with other Mediterranean populations” (which contained some cross-referenced Greek data in a neighbor-joining dendogram and a correspondence analysis) that was retracted. And it was retracted solely and strictly for political reasons, as this Observer article makes crystal clear:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4307083,00.html
(Keep in mind we are dealing with the study on the relatedness of Jews and Palestinians at the moment, which was retracted, and not the one on the Greek-Black African relatedness, which was not retracted and remains valid. The two must not be confused.)
Appreciations to: http://onedroprule.org/about1071.html
Epilogue:
“Hb S is common in some areas of the Mediterranean basin, including regions of Italy, Greece, Albania and Turkey (Boletini et al., 1994) (Schiliro et al., 1990). Haplotype analysis shows that the Hb S in these areas originated in Africa. The genes probably moved along ancient trading routes between wealthy kingdoms in western Africa and the trade centers in the Mediterranean basin.” (Harvard University, http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scdmanage.html)
“Usually, people with sickle cell disease outside Africa (e.g., blacks in the United States) or India have mixed haplotypes for their sickle cell genes.” (Harvard University, http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scdmanage.html)
“Templeton gives a modern-day analogy: the presence of a gene for sickle cell anemia in Caucasians in Portugal. The gene traces back to a mutation that occurred in Africa and spread through interbreeding between Africans and Europeans. “The Africans didn’t come up, reconquer the Iberian peninsula, kill off all the Europeans, and that’s why there are sickle cell alleles in Portugal today,” he says. The presence of the sickle cell gene in Portugal “means that Portuguese and Africans have met and they’ve interbred, just like humans tend to do.” – “Out of Africa” – Ruth Flanagan, Contributing Editor, Earth Magazine, http://www2.mc.maricopa.edu/anthro/l…ofAfrica5.html
DE, while you question my finding its origin indifferent, you stress the origin issue yet clearly avoid naming a region.. could this be because you see that the limited % (which you audaciously attempt to minimize its significance) in Nigeria excludes it as this place of origin ?
You return to HG A and claim it as an indicator.. child one individual that is as the paper states:
“a finding which is in agreement with its rare occurrence outside Africa”
is anything but enough to justify your claims.
As for what I actually said on the 6th and what your of limited comprehension mind has conceived, I’d suggest you take off your inferiority complex glasses and re-read it and then you’ll see who’s the real fool here, distorting not only papers which he claims to have cited but also the words of those who expose him.
Finally.. have you not claimed to have cited Graham’s paper.. you have so why do you continue to distort its context?
“Studies of the structure of DNA surrounding the beta globin locus reveal that the sickle cell gene is associated with several DNA structures probably representing different ancestral populations. The most likely interpretation is that the sickle cell mutation is a relatively recent occurrence that has occurred independently in several different populations. Falciparum malaria then acted as a selective factor, increasing the prevalence of the gene because people inheriting the sickle cell gene from one parent and a gene for normal adult hemoglobin from the other parent (sickle cell trait) were less likely to die from malaria and so more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Over the generations, the sickle cell trait has therefore reached high frequencies in malarious areas. The factor in common to the distribution of the sickle cell gene is therefore malaria and not African ancestry.”
PS: still waiting for the responces.. if you only like demanding a responce yet dread to provide one, tell me so I’ll know that all I’m up against is your inferiority complex.
The Ignorant dog continues to blatter:
“DE, while you question my finding its origin indifferent, you stress the origin issue yet clearly avoid naming a region.. could this be because you see that the limited % (which you audaciously attempt to minimize its significance) in Nigeria excludes it as this place of origin ?”
Jahdey answers:
Pathetic! Completely ignorant of genes. DE most likely originates from Nigeria or environs. I already made that clear to you. Go search the web and educate yourself. The highest incident of DE yet discovered occurs in Nigeria. In genetics we use the percentage of prevalence as an indication of origins.
The little dog continues to yelp:
“You return to HG A and claim it as an indicator.. child one individual that is as the paper states:
“a finding which is in agreement with its rare occurrence outside Africaâ€
is anything but enough to justify your claims.”
Jahdey answers:
O pathos, what else next? This idiot does not realize that genetic sampling is a sampling of individuals as statistical representatives of the percentage of likely incidence of a haplogroup.
When the paper says one person was found with A, what it means is that out of the sample group, one person was found with the gene. Thus, any statistical extrapolation made on the basis of that number must account for the size of the sample group as a whole. Thus, if the scientists sampled 10 persons and only one is found with the gene then the percentage for the entire nation would be 10%.
I knew that that one would go completely over your head as well, but then what does one expect from a lower class white trash?
Ignoramus yelps:
“As for what I actually said on the 6th and what your of limited comprehension mind has conceived, I’d suggest you take off your inferiority complex glasses and re-read it and then you’ll see who’s the real fool here, distorting not only papers which he claims to have cited but also the words of those who expose him.”
Jahdey answers:
What you said on Dec 6th 2007 was clear to the world. Don”t even attempt to backtrack! You declared that Nigerians and Greeks had no blood connect and that we were fantasizing. Now we see who has the racist fantasies. Who is looking like an idiotic hog, who is?
Ignoramus finally whimpers:
“Finally.. have you not claimed to have cited Graham’s paper.. you have so why do you continue to distort its context?”
Jahdey replies:
Graham clearly stated in his paper that the origin of the HBS in Greeks, Italians, Turks etc is from Nigeria. Your little twisted racist mind cannot comprehend this. Why? Are you in denial?
According to Graham’s unedited quotation (and I copied and posted virtually the entire article for your little dog mind to read earlier):
“The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily,4 Northern Greece,10 Southern Turkey,11 and South West Saudi Arabia,6,7 suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa. The Asian haplotype is rarely encountered outside its geographic origin because there have been few large population movements and Indian emigrants have been predominantly from non HbS containing populations.”
Indisputably, ancient Greeks had genetic connection with Nigerians. Many citizens of the Greek city states originated from Nigeria.
Now, where did you say your ancestors were from again, o barbarian? Who is looking like a racist liar..and a fool, and a distorter of scientific articles???
If ancient Greeks did not carry genes from Africa, show us that they are exclusively connected with your ancestors from the Steppes. But, if ancient Greeks did carry African genes as demonstrated by all the genetic research papers that I cited, then hush your stink and go develop your ignorant mind with more studies so you don”t make such a fool of yourself next time.
Fools die from want of wisdom!
Your Teacher and Master
Jahdey
Copm ‘on inferiority complexed fool, stop deleting my posts and contradict the fact that :
a) Haplogroup DE, is found in LIMITED % in male populations of Nigeria which proves your claim to be another malicious distortion and that its a LATER MUTATION introduced INTO the regions’ population.
b) cite a single paper which has also noted the existance of HG A other than that of Di Giacomo
c) prove that Graham’s paper links the distribution of Sickle Cell to ancestry and not to malaria.
d) the celebration of your rediculous claims of populations from Nigeria existing in the Hellenic polis.
In short prove that you do not distort the papers you claim to cite in a celebration of your inferiority complex and that the title “master” which you’ve rediculously given to your self nothing but a remnant of your resentment of your true history….
Ignoramus yelps: “a) Haplogroup DE, is found in LIMITED % in male populations of Nigeria which proves your claim to be another malicious distortion and that its a LATER MUTATION introduced INTO the regions’ population.”
Real Scientists Answer:
“…DE molecular ancestors first evolved inside Africa and subsequently contributed as Y chromosome founders to pioneering migrations….” See Peter A. Underhill , Toomas Kivisild, “Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations,” Annual Review of Genetics, Vol. 41: 539-564 (Volume publication date December 2007)
Additionally, Michael E. Weale et al in “Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography, genetics 165: 229-234 (September 2003) demonstrate the original connection between Nigeria and Haplogroup DE.
Ignoramus yaps: “b) cite a single paper which has also noted the existance of HG A other than that of Di Giacomo”
Real scientists answer:
For more information on the African origin of Haplogroup A see the following article on BBC world News @
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6293333.stm
Ignoramus begs: “c) prove that Graham’s paper links the distribution of Sickle Cell to ancestry and not to malaria.”
Real scientist answer:
According to Dr. Graham Segearnt:
“The Senegal haplotype occurs on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, the Benin haplotype in central West Africa, especially Ghana, Nigeria, and Côte d’Ivoire, and the Bantu or Central African Republic haplotype in Zaire, the Central African Republic, Angola and Kenya…”
“From these original foci of the HbS mutation, the gene spread along trading routes to North Africa and the Mediterranean, was transported in large populations to North and South America and the Caribbean”
“The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily, Northern Greece, Southern Turkey … suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa.
See Dr. Graham Segearnt’s article above.
See also for more reading:
Ragusa A, Lombardo M, Sortino G, et al. ßs gene in Sicily is in linkage disequilibrium with the Benin haplotype: implications for gene flow. Am J Hematol 1988;27:139-41.
El-Hazmi MAF. Beta globin gene haplotypes in the Saudi sickle cell anemia patients. Human Heredity 1990;40:177-86.
Padmos MA, Roberts GT, Sackey K, et al. Two different forms of homozygous sickle cell disease occur in Saudi Arabia. Br J Haematology 1991;79:93-8.
Zago MA, Figueiredo MS, Ogo SH. Bantu Hbs cluster haplotype predominates among Brazilian Blacks. Am J Phys Anthropol 1992;88:295-8.
Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas Ph. The origin of the sickle cell mutation in Greece: evidence from Hbs globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Hemoglobins 1991;15:459-67.
PS: Your time is up Ignoramus. We have given you many chances to say something, yet, you have not said anything new in the past eight posts of yours. You are simply repeating yourself and refusing to read. You have become a boring distraction by demonstrating your maniacal need for attention. Go away trolling fool…go play with some racist ignoramus like yourself on networks like…well you know.
Your Master
Jahdey
How Do People Get Sickle Cell Disease?
Sickle cell disease is an inherited condition. Two genes for the sickle hemoglobin must be inherited from one’s parents in order to have the disease.
How Are Genes Inherited?
At the time of conception, a person receives one set of genes from the mother (egg) and a corresponding set of genes from the father (sperm). The genes exist on structures inside cells called chromosomes. The combined effects of many genes determine some traits (hair color and height, for instance). Other characteristics are determined by one gene pair. Sickle cell disease is a condition that is determined by a single pair of genes (one from each parent).
How are Sickle Cell Genes Inherited?
A person receives the sickle cell genes or not only at the time of conception. Therefore, neither sickle cell trait nor sickle cell disease can be contracted. By the same token, people cannot lose their sickle cell genes over time. A person born with sickle cell trait (one sickle cell gene) will always have sickle cell trait. The same is true of sickle cell disease (two sickle cell genes).
…………………………………………………
http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scd_inheritance.html
Anemia, sickle cell
Sickle cell anemia is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States, affecting about 72,000 Americans or 1 in 500 African Americans….
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=gnd.section.98
Inheritance of Sickle cell genes
* Sickle-cell conditions are inherited from parents in much the same way as blood type, hair color and texture, eye color and other physical traits. * The types of haemoglobin a person makes in the red blood cells depend upon what haemoglobin genes the person inherits from his parents
Examples
1. If one parent has sickle-cell anaemia (“SS” in the diagram) and the other is Normal (AA), all of their children will have sickle cell trait (AS).
2. If one parent has sickle-cell anaemia (SS) and the other has Sickle Cell Trait (AS), there is a 50% chance (or 1 out of 2) of a child having sickle cell disease (SS) and a 50% chance of a child having sickle cell trait (AS).
3. When both parents have sickle cell trait (AS), they have a 25% chance (1 of 4) of a child having sickle cell disease (SS), as shown in the diagram.
Sickle-cell anemia appears to be caused by a recessive allele. Two carrier parents have a one in four chance of having a child with the disease. The child will be homozygous recessive.
………………………………..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease#Inheritance
How Did Many Greeks inherit sickle cell Haplogroup Hbs 19 which originates from Nigeria:
Answer: The same way that sickle cell has been proven to be transmitted. They got it from their ancestral parents who left Nigeria to settle the Mediterranean Islands.
Jahdey
PS: According to Dr. Graham Segearnt:
“The Senegal haplotype occurs on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, the Benin haplotype in central West Africa, especially Ghana, Nigeria, and Côte d’Ivoire, and the Bantu or Central African Republic haplotype in Zaire, the Central African Republic, Angola and Kenya…â€
“From these original foci of the HbS mutation, the gene spread along trading routes to North Africa and the Mediterranean, was transported in large populations to North and South America and the Caribbeanâ€
“The Benin haplotype accounts for HbS associated chromosomes in Sicily, Northern Greece, Southern Turkey … suggesting that these genes had their origin in West Africa.
See Dr. Graham Segearnt’s article above.
See also for more reading:
Ragusa A, Lombardo M, Sortino G, et al. ßs gene in Sicily is in linkage disequilibrium with the Benin haplotype: implications for gene flow. Am J Hematol 1988;27:139-41.
El-Hazmi MAF. Beta globin gene haplotypes in the Saudi sickle cell anemia patients. Human Heredity 1990;40:177-86.
Padmos MA, Roberts GT, Sackey K, et al. Two different forms of homozygous sickle cell disease occur in Saudi Arabia. Br J Haematology 1991;79:93-8.
Zago MA, Figueiredo MS, Ogo SH. Bantu Hbs cluster haplotype predominates among Brazilian Blacks. Am J Phys Anthropol 1992;88:295-8.
Boussiou M, Loukopoulos D, Christakis J, Fessas Ph. The origin of the sickle cell mutation in Greece: evidence from Hbs globin gene cluster polymorphisms. Hemoglobins 1991;15:459-67.
Can’t handle reality can you..
The Underhill paper seems interesting but unfortunately don’t have access to it and based on how you’ve selectively cited previous papers. I’d prefer to have my doubts untill I do actually read it.
As for Weale’s paper, why do you dread to disclose that he doesn’t reject the possibility of a back-migration event or that out of a large group, a total of some 1250 Nigerians only 5 had this HG, could it be cause you’d have to take back your claim of the “highest incident” being found in Nigeria?
Your BBC link does nothing to assist you in responding to my request of a citation of another paper which would support the widespread existance of A in Hellas.
Finally on Graham’s paper, I again ask.. exactly what don’t you understand.. is it really so hard to comprehend that in the very beginning of the paper he clarifies that its NOT an indication of ancestry?
“. OVER THE GENERATIONS, THE SICKLE CELL TRAIT HAS THEREFORE REACHED HIGH FREQUENCIES IN MALARIOUS AREAS. THE FACTOR IN COMMON TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SICKLE CELL GENE IS THEREFORE MALARIA AND NOT AFRICAN ANCESTRY.”