Moustafa Gadalla is an Egyptian-American independent Egyptologist, who was born in Cairo, Egypt in 1944. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from Cairo University.
Gadalla is the author of eleven internationally acclaimed books about the various aspects of the Ancient Egyptian history and civilization and its influences worldwide. He is the chairman of the Tehuti Research Foundation—an international, U.S.-based, non-profit organization, dedicated to Ancient Egyptian studies.
From his early childhood, Gadalla pursued his Ancient Egyptian roots with passion, through continuous study and research. Since 1990, he has dedicated and concentrated all his time to researching and writing.
Who are these Modern-day Egyptians?
The Islamic Siege of Egypt
Many people wonder about the contrast between the highly civilized society of ancient Egypt, and the hapless, chaotic state of modern-day Egypt. Modern-day Egyptians are also loath towards their ancient history, as if they don’t belong to their ancient Egyptian roots.
Because of such a contrast, many people invent answers that have absolutely no scientific and/or historical basis whatsoever. Here are some of the baseless statements:
The Moslem population of Egypt (about 90%) are Arab settlers from the Arab Peninsula (Saudi Arabia.) The Christian population (about 10%) are the true Egyptians, referred to as Copts, and the descendants of the ancient Egyptians.
The Moslem population of Egypt is of a mixed blood, of ancient Egyptian and the Arabs who invaded Egypt in 640 CE. The ancient Egyptian “blood” does not exist anymore.
Read the article, The Christian Copts of Egypt to find the true un-Egyptian origin of the Christian population of Egypt.
As for the Egyptian population status, let us examine the worst turning point in Egyptian history, which was the invasion of Egypt by the nomadic Arabs in 640 CE and the subsequent Islamic siege of Egypt.
Jihad: The Islamic Terrorism
The nomadic invaders walked unchallenged into a weakened country (as a result of the Roman/Byzantine occupation) that did not have an army to defend its borders. When the Romans (Byzantines) left, the gates were wide open.
In the name of Islam, the nomadic invaders forced both their religion (Islam) and their language (Arabic) on the hapless population of Egypt. The strong grip of Islam has been, and still is, the “invisible” dominating power in Egypt.
Jihad is one of the pillars of Islam, and it was by jihad that Islam spread throughout the world. Jihad is stated very clearly and unequivocally in the Koran itself. Islamic jihad is an obligation for every Moslem to practice. The Koran specifies the conditions of jihad, summarized as follows:
Any Moslem must try to convert others to Islam, and if they don’t listen to him (in other words, don’t convert), then he is allowed to kill their men and enslave their women and children, or enslave all of them. Islamic jihad was the means by which black Africans were enslaved and sold worldwide.
Jihad is also allowed as a form of “self defense”, or to use a common expression, “pre-emptive strike”. In other words, the Koran allows a Moslem who “feels” threatened or that his belief and way of life is “threatened” by others, in any way shape or form, to kill and destroy his “enemies” in a jihad. This is a free-for-all clause.
Any Moslem is allowed/authorized to declare a jihad, against another born-Moslem, if in their view, the other Moslem is not being a “good Moslem” and can be killed or enslaved. This is a free-for-all clause.
The Islamized Cancerous Community/Country
The terror of Islamic jihad caused a quick and massive conversion after Mohammed gained power in the Arab Peninsula. Yet the state of terror did not end there. In Islam, a person automatically becomes a Moslem because his father is a Moslem. S/he never has a choice. The Koran is very clear, that if a Moslem apostate, s/he is to be killed. As such, no born Moslem has the luxury of arguing/leaving his/her “Islamic birthright.”
Lacking opposition, the Moslem clergymen tell the population that Islam is rational, logical, scientific, etc. Contesting such claims is not allowed, and is considered blasphemy, punishable by death from any Moslem. Witness the case of Salman Rushdi, being a born Moslem, he therefore does not have the luxury of writing a book, which directly or indirectly blemishes Islam. Salman Rushdi is a wanted man, by any Moslem, for he dared to write what was construed as opposition to his “Islamic birthright.”
The Rulers (Afrangi) and the Ruled (Baladi)
The silent majority of Egyptians are called (and they call themselves) Baladi, meaning natives. The loud minority of Egyptians (high governmental officials, academicians, journalists, and the self-proclaimed intellectuals) are described by the silent majority as Afrangi, meaning foreigners.
The Afrangi are the Egyptian people who compromised the Egyptian heritage to gain high positions and approval of foreign invaders of Egypt. As a tool of foreign forces, like Arabs, the Afrangi rule and dominate the Baladi–the natives. The Afrangi are, like their foreign masters, arrogant, cruel, and vain. After foreign forces left Egypt, the Egyptian Afrangi continued their role as the righteous rulers.
It has been written and repeated, that the Ancient Egyptians accepted the domination of the Ptolemaic and Roman rules, that they had willingly changed their religious beliefs into Christianity, and a short time later, they willingly accepted Islam as a substitute for Christianity. Accordingly, many conflicting sides, who use Ancient Egypt to promote each’s own agenda, insist that the ancient religion and traditions have died. The truth is that they never died, and they continue to survive within the silent majority–the Baladi people of Egypt.
Because of the ironclad control of Islam over history writing since 641 CE, Moslem historians publicize that Egyptians forgot their identity and became a part of a big happy family called “Arabs”. No one can dare oppose the line that Islam saved Egypt from previous Gahe-Liya (ignorance era). As a result, we witness an intellectual state of terrorism that conceals realities into a cloud of dust by the dominating Afrangi Egyptians.
The Egyptian Baladi (natives) have suffered from foreign rule (including and especially the moslem/Arabs) for about 2,000 years. They learned to survive. They kept the old traditions under a thin exterior of Islam, in order to survive the foreigners and their Egyptian Afrangi.
To grow up in Egypt, one is taught to accept the Koran as the “Book from God”. Both the Koran and the Bible condemned ancient Egyptians’ beliefs and the Pharaohs. No historical fact can contradict the Koran. The whole world’s knowledge of Ancient Egypt is largely based on the biblical (koranic as well) accounts of interaction between the Hebrews and Egypt. And as our “view” is mostly from these sources, it is largely negative.
A conflict between historical facts and religious convictions is very dangerous indeed. Because of such religious fear and intimidation, most fellow Egyptians do not appreciate their own ancient history, and as a result, they suffer from a self-imposed identity crisis. It is no wonder that the Ancient Egyptian history is studied almost exclusively by non-Egyptians.
The Arab (Islamic) Egyptian Police State
Contrary to the popular notion that Egypt is a “secular” state, its laws and actions show otherwise. Most oppressive measures go unnoticed in the world public opinion. The authorities of Egypt, at its highest level, are engaged in a pitiful campaign against indigenous traditions. An example can be found in a news item that was published in Al-Ahram (the largest newspaper in Egypt), in their Friday edition of 21 Apr 2000. For Al-Ahram to publish this, and similar items, on a regular basis, is indicative of a scare tactic campaign to terrorize the defenseless population of Egypt.
The police department in Cairo continued its efforts to find the outlaws and those who practiced magic, charlatanism, etc, when they arrested a “charlatan” (61 years old) who performs zars (exorcism, etc) at her apartment in El Waylee, assisted by another 8 persons. The article goes on to say that the lady, whose name is Sadeeka Hasan Mohammed Gad, convinced her victims, especially young women, of her ability to solve their marital and health problems.
There were three of these young women present at dawn when the suspects were arrested.
This police operation was in accordance with directives from the First Lieutenant to the Interior (Police) Ministry, who ordered the intensification of finding people who practice magic, …etc.
The above is a sample of the activities used to impose Islam on the people of Egypt, and suppress the indigenous beliefs of the Egyptians. In a democracy, other people’s views and actions don’t need to make sense to the thugs of the Egyptian Interior (Police) Ministry.
Because of religious fear and intimidation, the Baladi (silent majority) Egyptians learned to camouflage their ancient traditions under an Islamic exterior. This is described in their common saying, “playing with an egg (traditions) and a stone (Islamic authority)”, so as not to break the fragile egg with the [tyranny] of the stone.
The Christian “Copts” of Egypt
Copt is derived from the Greek rendering for an Egyptian. The Arabs, after 640 CE, used that general term to label the non-Moslems. As a result, the term Copt took on a different meaning by the 7th century.
Researchers of Ancient Egypt assumed WRONGLY that the Christians in Egypt (so-called “Copts”) are the link between Ancient Egypt and our present time. On the contrary, the Christians in Egypt are NOT natives of Egypt, but a foreign minority. This situation is explained herein.
When Alexander died in 323 BCE, one of his generals, Ptolemy, son of Lagus, took charge under the nominal rulership of Alexander’s brother Philip Arrhidaeus. Upon Philip’s death, Ptolemy declared himself the ruler. His actions initiated a Ptolemaic Dynasty.
Their new settlement, along the Mediterranean coast, was predominantly Greek, which was officially described as being ad Aegyptum, not in Aegypto, i.e. it was an intrusion into an alien country.
In Alexandria, Greeks formed the bulk of the population, followed in number by the Jews.
Greek became the mother tongue of the Jews in Egypt. Many Jews had been imported as soldiers, even before the arrival of the Ptolemies. For example, the Persians had established a Jewish garrison, as far south as the island of Philae, which had left behind some records in Aramaic.
When Palestine fell under the control of Ptolemy I in 301 BCE, he brought back Jewish mercenaries, who joined the already-established communities in Egypt. Unable to speak their native tongue, Jews, living in Alexandria, soon felt a need to translate their sacred books into Greek. They persuaded King Ptolemy II (285-247 BCE), to order a Greek translation of the Bible.
The High Priest of Jerusalem sent 72 elders to Alexandria, six representatives from each of the twelve tribes of Israel, together with an official copy of the Pentateuch.
They worked for 72 days to produce the final copy of the Pentateuch in Greek. Later, the other books of the Old Testament were also translated into Greek by others, and the whole work became known as the Septuagint, which means The Seventy. Since the Greek text is older than the Hebrew text, it was therefore adopted as the Bible of the early Church.
Ptolemy compensated his mercenary troops (Syrians, Greeks, Macedonians, Persians and Hellenized Asiatics) by giving them tracts of land among the Egyptian population in towns near the capitals of the provinces, into which Egypt was divided.
These pockets of foreign settlements are exactly where the Christian population is concentrated in present-day Egypt.
Romans & Early Christians in Egypt
When the Romans arrived in Alexandria, they gave preferred treatment to the Jews. Augustus granted self-government to the Hellenized Jews of Alexandria. This caused great consternation among the Greeks, who had lived there for a longer period of time. The Romans reinforced foreign settlement, by bringing in more foreigners. The Jewish colony in Alexandria is said to have had a population of 1 million in the 1st century CE.
Christianity arrived early in Alexandria, from Judaea and Syria. After all, Christianity is basically a Judean offshoot. The Romans encouraged and facilitated more immigration from Syria to Egypt.
Christian Rampage
In 312 CE, Christianity was made the official and only religion of the Roman Empire. A short time later, the Roman Empire split. Egypt became part of the Eastern (or Byzantine) Empire in 323 CE.
The decree that there be only one religious system (Christianity), and that anything else is untrue, is dictatorial. It allowed Christian fanatics to destroy the native Egyptian religious rights, properties, and temples.
When Theophilus was made Patriarch of Alexandria in 391 CE, he displayed tremendous zeal in destroying ancient Egyptian temples. A wave of destruction swept over the land of Egypt. Tombs were ravaged, walls of ancient monuments scraped, and statues toppled. In Alexandria, the famous statue of Serapis was burned and the Serapeum destroyed, along with its library.
When Theophilus attempted to convert a temple of Dionysus in Alexandria into a church, rioting between non-Christians and Christians ensued, the former occupying the great Serapeum. The subsequent destruction of the temple was shamelessly advertised by Christians as symbolic of a great victory. It was a folly of fanaticism in the name of orthodoxy.
The same year (391 CE) saw the beginning of legislation that aimed to outlaw ancient Egyptian rites and to close the temples. The laws helped the fanatic Christians destroy other temples.
No rational mind can accept that such destructive behavior led to “convince” people to convert to any religion (Christianity), as advertised by the fanatics, no matter how rational it (Christianity) may appear to anyone.
The fanatic early Christians went on appropriating ancient Egyptian temples. In the 4th and 5th centuries, many ancient temples on the west bank of Ta-Apet(Thebes) were converted into monastic centers.
Hatshepsut’s Commemorative Temple was converted into Deir (monastery) el Bahari.
Ptolemy III Temple was converted into Deir el Medina.
The Commemorative Temple of Ramses III was given the Christian
name, “Medinat Habu”.
The Court of Amenhotep III in Luxor Temple, on the east bank of Ta-Apet(Thebes) was similarly violated.
In 415 CE under Theodosius II, Patriarch Cyril expelled the Jews of Alexandria from the city; and Hypatia, the learned and beautiful Neoplatonist, was cruelly murdered.
Christian mobs forcefully took a part of the Temple of Het-Heru(Hathor) at Dendera in the middle of the 6th century CE, and built a new church, which was constructed between the Birth House and the Coronation House, using some of the blocks from the Birth House.
Similarly, in Khmunu(Hermopolis) a Temple of Amon was occupied by Christians and had part of its interior turned into a chapel.
In addition to the violation of Ancient Egyptian temples, the fanatic Christians adopted a new script called the Coptic language — basically demotic Egyptian written in Greek characters with a few additional letters — from about 300 CE. A non-Egyptian alphabet was intended for the use of those non-Egyptians who were schooled in the Greek language. This move had the effect of re-emphasizing the cultural divide between them and the true native Egyptians.
The Greek characters are not any easier than the Egyptian demotic script, which is yet another indication that the Church emphasis was on the Greek-speaking population of Alexandria, Fayoum, and a few other colonies of foreigners.
Egyptian Demotic Script
Greek Script
There is no archaeological evidence, outside Alexandria, to substantiate the Christians’ overly exaggerated popularity claims.
Accepting Christianity is to accept the Bible, which condemns ancient Egypt and establishes the Jews as God’s “chosen people”. It is totally incompatible with Egyptian history, nature, and traditions.
Christian Family Feud
The history of the political and doctrinal struggles within the Church during and after the 4th century has largely been written in terms of the disputes over the nature of God and Christ and the relationship between them. A good deal of the turbulent history of Egypt in the 4th, 5th, and 6th centuries can be understood in terms of the struggles of the successive (or, after 570 CE, co-existing) patriarchs of Alexandria to maintain their position both within their patriarchy and outside it, in relation to Constantinople.
Monophysites had, from the first, espoused a doctrine of Christ, which placed the greatest possible emphasis on his divinity, and came near to denying that he had a human nature. In 449 CE, Dioscurus, the patriarch of Alexandria, refused to accept the Byzantine Christian doctrine. He believed that Christ is totally divine, and that it is blasphemous to consider Him human. And so, when the orthodox theologians of Rome and Constantinople agreed at the Council of Chalcedon, in 451 CE, that Christ was to be worshipped “in two natures inseparably united”, the Monophysite opposition contended that though Christ could be “out of two natures”, he could not be in two natures. The depth of feeling involved is perhaps best conveyed in the slogan of the Monophysite bishops at Chalcedon, which said, “Throw out the Nestorians. Christ is God”. As a result, in 451 CE, during the reign of the patriarch Dioscorus, the Monophysite Church in Egypt broke away from the Orthodox Church, and elected its own patriarch.
Since the Council of Chalcedon in 451 CE, each of the two Churches had its own separate patriarch and administration. These parties were distinguished by the familiar names Jacobite and Melkite or Royalist.
The Jacobites were by creed Monophysites, by race mainly, though not exclusively people born in Egypt, but of foreign descent (mistakenly thought of as native Egyptians); while the Melkites were orthodox followers of Chalcedon and for the most part of Greek or European origin.
The term Melkite, as employed in Egypt, is of a Syriac origin, and there is no anachronism in using it before the Arab conquest. This is an additional piece of evidence that the early Christians were using Syriac language and names, indicating their origin to be Syria/Palestine and not Egypt.
Syrian migration to Alexandria constituted the bulk of the early Christians in Egypt. They — the Christians in Egypt — continue to maintain physical and personal traits that are very Syrian. It is easy for native Egyptians, to this date, to distinguish a Christian (so-called ‘Copt’), just based on his/her body language and features, which reflects peculiar Syrian (non-Egyptian) traits.
The Persian Interlude (616-629 CE)
The spread of Persian power throughout Syria culminated in the conquest of Jerusalem (615 CE) and Persian hostility to Christians, which thrust more Syrian Christian refugees westward to Alexandria.
The total chaos in Egypt eased the path of the Persian conquerors to Egypt in 616 CE. It took the Persians three years to control Egypt and Pentapolis.
The period of occupation was concluded by a peace treaty and Persian withdrawal in 628 CE, and the return to Byzantine rule.
Cyrus: A Taste of their Own Medicine (631-642 CE)
After the death of the Melkite Patriarch George, Cyrus was sent as Imperial Patriarch to Alexandria in 631 CE. He was given both religious and civil authority.
The double succession of pontiffs was maintained, and it was the early policy of Heraclius to bring about a reconcilement between the two Christian factions.
Cyrus first tried a compromise between the two factions (Melkites and Monophysites). The proposed compromise backfired from both stubborn groups.
Cyrus had to restore order, on behalf of his Emperor, for the Monophysites had terrorized and destroyed those who merely didn’t agree with their fanatic interpretations. Cyrus forcefully imposed the 451 Council of Chalcedon decree.
Did Cyrus prosecute the Monophysites, or did they ask for his actions by rejecting him and his authority? By extension, they had been prosecuting the land and people of Egypt (their host) for several centuries, and ironically, Cyrus, the Christian, gave them a taste of their own medicine.
Christians’ Gift to Mohammed
In 627 CE, when Mohammed, the Islam founder, consolidated his power in the Arab Peninsula, and felt himself strong enough to challenge the submission of the rulers of the world to Islam, his new religion, he caused letters to be written to several neighboring rulers, including letters to George, wrongly called the Mukaukas, governor of Alexandria and the Melkite Viceroy of Egypt (621-631); to Chosroes, King of Persia; and to Heraclius, Emperor of the Romans. All contained the same claim of allegiance to Islam and to the Arabian prophet as Vicegerent of the Most High.
The Monophysites, who never had any loyalty to their host country of Egypt, manifested such disloyalty when the Christian Viceroy of Egypt promised to consider the message, and treated Mohammed’s envoy, Hatib, with all honor. The Christian Viceroy sent back with his reply some valuable presents, which included two Christian maidens (Mary and Shirin), the mule Duldul, the ass Nafur, and a bag of money.
Mohammed, who already had nine wives, fell in love with Mary. The Christian Mary became Mohammed’s sweetheart and bore him a son. The baby died under suspicious circumstances. Mary died in 636 CE.
In December 639 CE, Amr ibn el-As set out to conquer Egypt with a few thousand men. His task was relatively simple, because of the active support of the Christian Monophysites, the so-called Copts.
After less than two years of fights and political maneuvering between the Arab invaders and the Byzantines, Cyrus went to meet the Arab commander at Babylon near Cairo, and both signed a treaty on November 8, 641, which called for the total withdrawal of Roman soldiers, imposing a tribute of two dinars a head on all able-bodied males, and a tax on all landowners. The only parties to the treaty were the Moslem Arabs and the Christians, who passed along a country that was not theirs.
History books end the glorious era of Ancient Egypt at 640 CE, when the Christians in Egypt sold it out to the Moslem Arabs.
@Jahdey
Don’t quote me Herodotus and Sir Alan Gardiner. A Greek and an Englishman are not qualified to define us Misriyyin (Egyptians) ! I AM AN EGYPTIAN, ???? …I KNOW the HISTORICITY of my country better than any pseudo-Egyptian wannabe. And what you write is BULLSHIT. Come here to Misr and say that ?? ???? ! We Egyptians are Egyptians. Not Turks, Kurds, Albanians, or Arabs. Who the hell do you think you are dealing with ?
@jzaidan
You can not know the true history of Kemit or Egypt since you are not a real Egyptian.
If you have peer reviewed information on Egypt, bring it forth and we will examine it. Your mere words, are hogwash because you are not an authority, you have no credibility and you have demonstrated your passive animosity and jealousy towards the real Black African Egyptians and Kemitians.
Many immigrant children like you, were born in Egypt but that does not make them ancient Egyptians. You are all children of conquering landless people who have stolen Egypt from its true owners.
If you cannot cite any authority other than the Turkic lies and fables you heard from trhe lieing and deceptive tounges of your mameluke slave ancestors, then I would advise that you need to do more reading and understanding before coming to Rasta Livewire where the cutting edge scholars on African history gather. You are not educated or enlightened enough to approach any of the participants of this website.
Try genetics, linguistics, osteology, artefacts, art history, archeology and cultural oral history, and every thing says Egyptians are Black Muurish Africans. Any pinkie you may find there today is a slave immigrant of the Mamelukes or the Ottoman Turkics.
Know thyself….
Jahdey
“It is an ancient and world-travelling tradition that heaven and earth were close together in the beginning. Now the heaven signified in the oldest of all mythologies, the Kamite, was the starry heaven of night upraised by Shu as he stood upon the mount of earth: This was the heaven in which the stars of our two Bears revolved about the pole. The writer of the present work has seen in equatorial regions how the Southern Cross arises and the Bears go down for those who are going south. The northern pole-star dips and disappears, and with it sinks the primal paradise of mythology in general that was configurated in the stars about the pole. On coming north again the old lost paradise arose once more as paradise regained. At a certain point, in regions of no latitude, the pole-star rests forever on the horizon in the north, or as the Egyptians figured it, upon the mount of earth in Apt-a. The heaven of the ancient legends and of the equatorial astronomers was close to earth, because the pole-star rested on the summit of the mount like Anup on his mountain. Such traditions were deposited as the mythical mode of representing natural fact, however much the fact may be obscured.
Now, the ordinary heaven of night and day could not supply the natural fact. Heaven is no farther off from earth than ever. Yet there is a starting point in the various mythologies that is equivalent to this beginning, at which time heaven rested on the earth, and was afterwards separated from it by the mythical up-lifter of the sky. The name of heaven denotes the up-heaven. Nut or Nu, the Egyptian name for heaven, has the meaning and the sign of up-lifted. And there was but one starting point at which the heaven could be said to rest upon the earth: This was in the regions of no latitude, where the pole-stars were to be seen upon the two horizons.
As the nomads travelled towards the north, this heaven of the pole, which touched the earth in equatorial, naturally rose up from the mount, or as mythically rendered, it was raised by Shu, who stood upon the steps of Am-Khemen to reach the height, and push the two apart with his huge staff that was the giant’s figure of the north celestial pole.
There were no solstices in Apt-a. Time, if any, was always equinoctial there. And on this equal measure of day and dark the first division of the circle, the sep or turn-round of the sphere, was founded. When Shu upraised the sky it was equally divided between Sut and Horus, the portion of each being half of the water, half of the mount, or half of the twenty-four hours. And this was the time made permanent in Amenta, where the later register for all such simple mysteries was kept.
There are twelve hours light and twelve hours dark in this nether-world, the same as in the equatorial regions. It is the equinoctial time of Shu and Mati. The earth was not an upright pillar in Apt-a, with the starry sphere revolving round it on a horizontal plane. The risings and settings of the stars were vertical, and the two fixed centers of the poles were on the two horizons, or in accordance with the Egyptian expression, on the northern and southern sides of the mount of earth. The sky, as celestial water, was also divided into two great lakes, one to the north and one to the south of the mount. These survive in the Ritual as the Lake of Kharu and the Lake of Ru to the south and the north of the Bakhu hill “on which heaven resteth” (chs. 108 and 109).
The system of dividing the celestial water was apparently founded on the two great equatorial lakes at the head of the Nile, which were repeated in the two lakes of Amenta and in the other pictures of the double source of the great stream now figured in the heaven at the head of the Milky Way as “the stream without end.” G.H. Massey
@Jahdey
People of Iran don’t need to cite any authority of them being Persians even though they were invaded by Arabs and consequently Islamcized & partially Arabized…YOU IMBECILE. Same goes for us Misriyyin (Egyptians). Forensic anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, linguistics, and everything ELSE verifies US as indigenous North Africans, homogeneous with the Imazighen (Berbers) from Morocco to Libya. We EGYPTIANS DON”T NEED TO CITY ANY AUTHORIY BECAUSE WE ARE WHO WE ARE. It is you IGNORANT, low self-esteemed, self-deluded BUFFOONS who need to cite authorities to support your B.S. Cheikh Anta Diop’s simian theories. We KNOW ourselves habashi, but apparently you Sub-Saharan fools do not want to know yourselves. My education is beyond your hallucinating neuro-psychological capacity. You could be a Brooklyn jungle bunny posing as a pseudo-intellectual Sub-Saharan self-professed scholar. LOL. Just remember this, jigaboo, WE ARE EGYPTIANS, WE HAVE ALWAYS BEEN EGYPTIANS, and WE WILL ALWAYS BE EGYPTIANS. No Negrocentric wannabe Egyptians will be able to change that, no matter how many pseudo-intellectual delusional websites pop-up on the internet. Peer-reviewed ?? ROFL. Pseudo-intellectual, deluded imbeciles peer-reviewing each other. Herodotus is the ‘Father Of History’ of the “pinkies” as you so eloquently put it. He was the Greek fool who wrote about ONE allegedly world-conquering pharaoh named Sesostris, when there were THREE different pharaohs with that very name. Herodotus of Halicarnassus also wrote of Rhampsinitis, the wealthiest Egyptian monarch, however, to this day Egyptologists and Egyptophiles are debating as to which one of the Ramesses was he? (Ramses II & Ramses III have been the two main candidates). Who the hell is Herodotus to us Egyptians? Not much. Our ‘Father Of History’ and ‘Father Of Medicine’ is Imhotep, Djoser’s Tjety (Grand Vizier). Run along Sub-Saharan Africa and look for your various ancestral historicity…Pseudo-intellectual pretensions of academia is not worth it.
Know thyself. Then maybe you might be able to know thy neighbours…
All the above whinning and crying and cursing are just attention seeking antics. Your task was to demonstrate with relevant authorities that you are a true blooded Kemitian. You have not been able to do so inspite of your hateful and immature language.
More Facts and Education for you:
“Egypt” is the name the British call the territoires of old Kememu people that had been previously conquered by Persians, Greeks and Romans, then Arabs, Turkic, Mamelukes, and Ottoman Turkics.
Egypt of today resembles very little of Kemit of 2000 years ago. Funny thing is that even the Egyt of today is radically different from it was just a 100 years ago. At that time, Northern and Southern Egypt was full of Muurish black people. Turks like you are recent immigrants.
Ancient Egyptians called themselves Kememu or the Kemites. That simply means the Black people.
The Greeks who colonized and named the territory Egypt, described the people as melanopodes meaning black-feet people. Turko, do you have black feet, or pink feet?
The Arabs when they conquered Egypt described the people they met as Sudanic people, another way of describing black people.
The Bible and Koran describes the ancient Egyptians as Black African people.
The French lead by Napoleon Bonaparte was shocked to realize upon his conquest of Egypt that the land was owned by Black Muurish people similar to those they had enslaved in the Americas.
Count Volney, Wallace Budge, and virtually all earlier Egyptologists unanimously agreed that Kemitians were a black Muurish people.
The artefacts and statutes made by the ancient Egyptians of themselves confirm immediately that they are black people.
The Egyptians themselves, Koola Boof, Mustapha Gadalla are all modern Egyptians black people, descending from the original Gebtians (Kemitians).
Finally, the current head of the Egyptian government, Mohammed Tantawi, is a black Muurish African, descending from the ancient Egyptians.
You pink ingrates, who gathered like hungry locust to feed off the legacies and riches of Africa, have run your time. Like any visitor who has overstayed his welcome, your time is up.
And the light of truth will shine into the crevices and dirty mental holes you have hidden yourself, to expose your ingratitude, your lies, your jealousy and your cupidities. The light of truth will demonstrate your ugliness to you, and shame you into seeking truth and rights. The light of truth is the greatest disinfectant and antibiotic.
At Rasta livewire, we shine the light of truth. The truth is for everyone, both Browns and the Pinks.
Jahdey
@Jahdey
ROFL. Facts? You incompetent, delusional buffoon. Moustafa Gadalla has NO formal training in Egyptology FYI. In the most sophisticated level of academia around the wordl, Gadalla is NOT even mentioned. He is a fringe, self-styled pseudo-historian. A former Copt (Qibti) who turned secular Egyptophile. Have you met Gadalla ? Have even seen what he looks like ? He looks a cross between a Syrian & Lebanese. Unless one is blind, they can see this. Gadalla CANNOT even READ ancient Musri (Old Hieratic). He has NO degree in scriptology in either Hieratic or Demotic.
And E. A. Wallis Budge and Count Volney are more of your self-described “Pinkies”. WE EGYPTIANS DON’T EUROPEANS TO DEFINE OR DESCRIBE US. But you Negrocentric Diopians do…What hypocrites you all are. You quote Europeans to support your deluded arguments and then you blame them for rewriting history !
ROFL. You state the appellation “Egypt” was from the British ? You need to read books. Egypt is the English corruption of the Latin Aegyptus, from the Hellenic Aigyptos, from native Egyptian Hieratic’s HA-KA-PTAH (House of the Spirit of Ptah); Ha=House [Place; Temple]; Ka=Spirit; Ptah=anthropomorphic god Ptah.
The ancient Greeks identified Ethiopians as AETHIOPS and generally ALL Black or Negroid Africans as ABYSSOS (Abyssinians); this latter appellation was also used to identify Ethiopia & Eritrea. It is clear from? ALL ancient Egyptian reliefs that they have CLEARLY distinguished themselves from Black or Negroid Africans. The surviving mummy of the Nubian Maiherpri is a perfect example.
The hair colour and texture of Queen Hatshepsut & Tiye; and the auburn hair of Ramses II. The predynastic Badarian-Naqada I man dubbed “Ginger” by the British found at Gebel? Ein (Mountain Spring), Egypt because of his sandy blond hair. This clearly indicates a homogenous racial genealogy with the Amazigh (Berber). He is today at the British Museum. Anyone can type in “Ginger” Predynastic Egyptian corpse on the internet and SEE this.
There are baladi Misriyyin today that have natural light? brown, auburn hair colour as well as brown or black hair. All anyon has to do is watch the Egyptian cable channels Mazzika; ERTU; Nile TV…
Anyone can SEE the mummies of Ramses II, Seti I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose I, Tiye, etc…And SEE by their hair and facial features NOT TO BE NEGROID. As for the Old Hieratic appellation Kemy (km) = Silt; Kemyt (km’t) = Siltation; Kemmai = Gum; Khemet (kmt) = black colour. When the ancient Romans referred to AFRICANS, they were directly identifying indigenous North Africans (Berbers or Imazighen). They were NOT identifying Black? or Negro Sub-Saharan “Africans”.
To my ancestors, the SILT (Kemy) of the Nile flood plains gave birth to rich, fertile soil which gave rise to the civilization of ancient Egypt. Hence, from Old Hieratic texts of the 5th Dynasty was the very first time that Kemy=Silt was used to identify the land of Egypt or Kemyt=Siltation. It was this very? SILTATION which transformed an agrarian society into one of the GREATEST of all early human civilizations. As for the Nile River, it was called ITERU or simply “RIVER”.
You know that the words ALCHEMY & CHEMISTRY were Egyptian. The magic & metaphor of ALCHEMY was derived from KEMY=SILT (from which derived KEMYT=SILTATION). From KEMY came ALCHEMY & KIMIYA (CHEMISTRY). The black colour of KEMY or SILT of the Nile flood plains came the GREEN (later represented by Usir or OSIRIS). From DESHRET, the Red? Soil came the minerals and metals which also made EGYPT. The Hieratic word KEMET was directly derived from KEMY or SILT.
From the Nile River(Iteru) was born KEMY (Silt), which in turn gave birth to the Green of Agriculture. This is what MADE Egypt. The Nile saved us whereas our closest of kin, the Amazigh (Berber) from Morocco to Libya were almost reduced to nothing by the circa? 6000 BC desertification of the Sahara region (which occured within a SINGLE human lifetime). The Earth’s axis had ever so slightly tilted which DRIED up all the lakes of the once lush & green Sahara.
Egypt, because of the Nile River and Nile Delta, survived and even thrived after this North African-Saharan catastrophe. Egypt called it self the Red (Deshret) Land & the Black (Khemet) Land. This didn’t mean we were a MIX of Meso-Americans (Red American Indians) & Black Sub-Saharans !?? LOL. It meant Egypt’s SOIL was Red & Black. From the Deshret (Red) Soil, Egypt received its stone quarries and metals from which the great ancient monuments? were built. Egypt was a symbiosis of both.
Our Egypt, just like Persia(Iran), Mesopotamia(Iraq), Syria, Anatolia(Turkey), Palestine, Jordan, Afghanistan(Bactria), India(Pakistan & Bangladesh? included), etc. had ALL come under Arab Muslim dominion. And we ALL were to greater and lesser extent Arabized and Islamicized. This doesn’t mean that GENOCIDE was practiced or there was a MASS DIASPORA (dispersion) of Egyptians, Persians, Hindus, to various lands of the globe. NO. We stayed in our own lands and most converted to Islamic monotheism.
Yes there were small groups who fled such as in Persia, a small group migrated to Gujarat, India and are known today as Parsees. Same thing occurred here in Egypt, as Moustafa Gadalla wrote about in his book ‘Exiled Egyptians’. But it? was a small group. Therer was NO MASS migration from Egypt during the Arabi Muslim invasion. Also, Mr. Gadalla IS himself a former Qibti or Christian Copt turned secular Egyptophile. He has a strong subjective bias against the Muslim Arabs, being formerly Coptic.
the appellation ‘arab [ayin=short a; ra=r; ba=b] identifies Arabic language speakers. a’araab [alif=long a; ayin=short a; ra=r; alif=long a; ba=b] identifies indigenous Arabs of the ENTIRE Arabian Peninsula. Arabic language speakers, such us Egyptians and the Palestinians(Falastin); Jordanians(Urdoni); Syrians; PURE Lebanese(Phoenicians);? and Mesopotamian Iraqis (including Assyrians or Ashuri) are NOT ARABS but Arabic language speakers.
We of the Middle East and INDIGENOUS North Africa ARE NOT EUROPEANS or EURASIANS, either. Neither are we Sub-Saharan Negroids. The ARABIC language is like English: It is an ORAL or VERBAL amalgamation and fusion of 6 ancient languages–Nabataean Aramaic; Syriac; Yemenite Musnad; Akkadu or Akkadian [ which includes all 3? ancient dialects of Amurru(Ammorite); Subartu(Assyrian); Kaldu(Chaldean) ]; Phoenician; and last but NOT least, our very own ancient Musri or Old Egyptian Hieratic.
The appellation ARAB comes from one of 3 Arabic language words for DESERT:? SAHR; BADW; and RUB. The Sahara is directly derived from SAHR (Desert). ARAB (A’araab) is directly derived from RUB (Desert); Arab (A’araab) literally means ‘Of The Desert’ or ‘Desert Dweller’ as the Arabian Peninsula is almost 90% desert. The true Arabs (of the Arabian Peninsula) are descended from an ancestor named YAR’UB bin Yashjub bin Qahtan. Consequently, the true Arabs are called Qahtanian (Qahtani) ARABS.
The word Bedouin or? Badawiyyun comes from BADW (Desert). However, Bedouin or Badawi specifically indicates NOMADIC occupants of Badw (Desert). As for you, young lady – CerebralMadness – I think you have paid NO ATTENTION to the WEALTH of information and education I have posted here. I AM AN EGYPTIAN IN EGYPT. WHO ARE YOU DELUDING. Come here, once we have a stable government, and I WILL PERSONALLY EDUCATE you on us Egyptians. If you are a Darwinist, than we all evolved from chimpanzees.
Do you by chance know why LIBYA is named so ? Because it was invaded by the Ancient Liban or Lebanese (whom the Greeks called Phoenicians). The INDIGENOUS “LIBYANS” are Imazigeh (Berbers). We Egyptians, in ancient called them ‘Meshwesh’ (which the Greeks later adapted as Mazyes, from where the appellations Tamazgha/Tamazight/Amazigh/Imazighen are directly derived). Carthage of Tunisia & Libya was from the Greek language Karthagos, which the Greeks? adopted from Phoenician QART-HADAST (CARTHAGE).
Tunisia’s ORIGINAL name was IFRIQIYAH. This is in ancient Roman historical records as well as pre-Islamic Nabataean historiography. It is from IFRIQIYAH, that the ancient Romans translated as A-F-R-I-C-A. It is NOT a Sub-Saharan linguistic appellation by any means. It is not Bantu or ANY Sub-Saharan language, past or present. it is? derived from AFAR or AFER, the prehistoric CAVE GODDESS of the INDIGENOUS North Africans; from the root A-F-R or CAVE in ancient Tamazight.
The Greeks identified Sub-Saharans or Black “Africans” as ABYSSOS or Abyssinians. The Greeks identified Ethiopians as AETHIOPS. The Romans identified Sub-Saharan or Black “Africans” as Negroes (from the Latin word for the? colour black NEGRO). When the Greeks and Romans were REFERRING to AFRICANS in their ancient historical texts, they meant the INDIGENOUS North Africans of TAMAZGHA (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya).
I think the age old CONFUSION in the West and Europe about the appellation ARAB came from the English transliteration of TWO distinct Arabic language appellations: ‘arab [ayin=short a; ra=r; ba=b]–which stands for an Arabic language speaker and a’araab [alif=long a; ayin=short a; ra=r; alif=long a; ba=b]–which stands for the native people of the Arabian Peninsula (Arabia; Yemen; Oman; UAE; Qatar; Bahrain Island]. In? the English language, Western or European scholars TRANSLATED both as ARAB.
If people, both Europeans & Sub-Saharan, find it difficult comprehend anything about TAMAZGHA & MISR? (Egypt), then just understand this: We PURE Misriryyin (Egyptians) & the indigenous North Africans (Imazighen or Berbers) ARE NOT Sub-Saharan Negroes; European Whites; nor Arabs as in a’araab or Qahtanian Arabs (Peninsular Arabians). WE ARE OUR VERY OWN RESPECTIVE PEOPLES.
The Kerma Kingdom was ancient Sudan’s first great culture & civilization. Sudan(Nubia) was called Kush by our ancient Misriyyin forefathers, as you well know. Now, THIS was a BLACK or Sub-Saharan civilization that had its own distinction, NOT culturally influenced by us Egyptians. Kerma was the capital of Kushite Sudan and flourished from 2500-1520 B.C., when Thutmose I invaded Kush(Sudan) and destroyed it. This WAS a historical crime by our? forefathers.
Kerma was a great culture and phase of the ancient Sudan or Kush. The earliest settlements of ancient Sudan date to circa 3800 B.C. and was contemporaneous to our Egyptian Naqada I culture. Following the? destruction of Kerma in 1520 B.C., and subsequent Egyptian occupation, the Sudanese or Kushites broke free of our Egyptian occupation to found the 2nd great phase of the Kingdom of Kush cirica 1070 B.C.
It is interesting to note that our Pharaonic ancestors KNEW that Kerma? was a force to reckon with and that Kerma had allied themselves with the Syrian Heqa Khasewet (Foreign Rulers) of Lower Egypt at the Delta AGAINST us native Egyptians. Our ancestor Ahmose I (the Liberator) finally expelled the Syrian Heqa Khasewet (Hyksos in Greek) from Lower Egypt. The South Syrian Hyksos (Heqa Khasewet) had their capital at Hetwaret (Avaris in Greek).
Upon Thutmose’s coronation, Sudan(Nubia) rebelled against Egyptian rule. According to the tomb autobiography? of Ahmose, son of Ebana, Thutmose travelled down the Nile and fought in the battle, personally killing the Nubian king. Upon victory, he had the Nubian king’s body hung from the prow of his ship, before he returned to Ta-Opet (Thebes).
One of the propaganda pushed by our ancestral pharaoh Thutmose I was that the birthplace of the Egyptian god Amun’s ancestral home was in Kushite territory. And that the Kushites invaded this territory from far, far north (because the Nile flowed upward to the Mediterranean, our ancient ancestors believed that Sudan? was NORTH and the Nile Delta was SOUTH). Thutmose I convinced Egypt that Amun’s birthplace had been taken over by invaders. That was his Pharaonic propaganda !
It was pure Pharaonic propaganda simply because AMUN was a more recent god of the Egyptian pantheon. There was NO AMUN during the Old Kingdom or First Intermediate Period of Pharaonic history. AMUN was only an obscure god isolated to Ta-Opet(Thebes), whose cult gained national prominence AFTER? Ahmose I expelled the Syrian Hyksos (Heqa Khasewet) at the start of the 18th Dynasty or the New Kingdom.
Nonetheless, Kerma Culture of Kushite Sudan (Nubia) was a GREAT Black civilization of Sub-Saharan Africa. They rivalled us Egyptians. Our Pharaonic ancestors occupied Sudan(Kush) from circa 1522-1070 BC. Ancient Kush (Sudan) broke FREE of our Egyptian occupation circa 1070 BC and eventually invaded and ruled over us Egyptians for one whole dynasty-the 25th Dynasty-before Assyrian king Ashurbanipal of Northern? Iraq invaded Egypt and expelled the Kushites (Nubians) from Egypt.
I should receive payment for this FREE education. LOL. Wallahi !
Ancient Egyptians called themselves Kememu, the black people. Greeks called them melanpodes, the black feet people, and Arabs called them Sudani.
“I am Keme [Black] and beautiful, O daughters of Jerusalem, Like the tents of Kedar, Like the curtains of Solomon. – Coptic Bible, Song of Solomon…”
More authorities:
1) In 1997, the German Institute for Archaeology headed an excavation of the tombs of the nobles in Thebes-West, Upper Egypt. At this time, three types of tissues were sampled from different mummies: meniscus (fibrocartilage), skin, and placenta. Archaeological findings suggest that the mummies dated from the New Kingdom (approximately 1550_/1080 BC)….. The basal epithelial cells were packed with melanin as expected for specimens of Negroid origin.” Biotechnic & Histochemistry 2005, 80(1): 7_/13
2) “..sample populations available from northern Egypt from before the 1st Dynasty (Merimda, Maadi and Wadi Digla) turn out to be significantly different from sample populations from early Palestine and Byblos, suggesting a lack of common ancestors over a long time. If there was a south-north cline variation along the Nile valley it did not, from this limited evidence, continue smoothly on into southern Palestine. The limb-length proportions of males from the Egyptian sites group them with Africans rather than with Europeans.” (Barry Kemp, “Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a Civilisation. (2005) Routledge.
p. 54
3) “The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity of 58 individuals from Upper Egypt, more than half (34 individuals) from Gurna, whose population has an ancient cultural history, were studied by sequencing the control-region and screening diagnostic RFLP markers. This sedentary population presented similarities to the Ethiopian population by the L1 and L2 macrohaplogroup frequency (20.6%), by the West Eurasian component (defined by haplogroups H to K and T to X) and particularly by a high frequency (17.6%) of haplogroup M1. We statistically and phylogenetically analysed and compared the Gurna population with other Egyptian, Near East and sub-Saharan Africa populations; AMOVA and Minimum Spanning Network analysis showed that the Gurna population was not isolated from neighbouring populations. Our results suggest that the Gurna population has conserved the trace of an ancestral genetic structure from an ancestral East African population, characterized by a high M1 haplogroup frequency. The current structure of the Egyptian population may be the result of further influence of neighbouring populations on this ancestral population.” PMID: 14748828 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] Ann Hum Genet. 2004 Jan;68(Pt 1):23-39
4) Picture of the Egyptian Head of State, Field Marshall Mohammed Tantawi: http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.enotes.com/w/images/thumb/b/bf/Field_Marshal_Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi_2002.jpg/250px-Field_Marshal_Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi_2002.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.enotes.com/topic/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi&usg=__zMTa01rIeVHIp1F5EuwLcLJo8zk=&h=294&w=250&sz=27&hl=en&start=0&sig2=0bAyTqUbGRgFeZ-246ystg&zoom=1&tbnid=iUcBIzCejoo3cM:&tbnh=128&tbnw=112&ei=Fn1qTbHQO42CsQPUsuSoBA&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtantawi%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1T4ACAW_enCA308CA308%26biw%3D1003%26bih%3D528%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=398&oei=Fn1qTbHQO42CsQPUsuSoBA&page=1&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0&tx=67&ty=63
5) Picture of Imhotep, our Black Father: http://egypte.nikopol.free.fr/BERLIN/Resources/fh000026b.jpeg
Do you anything intelligent to say now?
Jahdey
If Egypt signifies the House of Ptah then his wife has been unfaithful because his current children have not the slightest resemblance to their father:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Ptah1.jpg
Also; Ptah is a later variation on the Egyptian God Khnum/Khnemu who was the patron of Abu/Elephantine it is still on the Egypto-Sudanese boarder as are all the oldest artefacts of Egyptian civilization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_location_map.svg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan
Teach!